Ethics and medicine: Jehovah's Witnesses and the new blood transfusion rules

References

• Corhern C, Moore EE, Offner PJ, et al. Blood substitute and erythropoietin therapy In a severely Injured Jehovah's Witness. New Eng J Med. 2002; 346(14) 1097–1098.
   Google Scholar
• Muramoto O. Recent developments in medical care of Jehovah's Witnesses. West J Med. 1999; 170(5): 297–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillon R. Refusal of potentially life-saving blood transfusions by Jehovah's Witnesses: should doctors explain that not all JWs think it's religiously required? J Med Ethics. 2000; 26(5): 299–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [homepage on the Internet]. Available from: http://jme.bmj.com/content/26/5/299.full?ijkey=a5ef995cf2595514e846cb303e3edf02035c01cb&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
   Google Scholar
• Muramoto O. Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 3. A proposal for a don't-ask-don't-tell policy. J Med Ethics. 1999; 25(6): 463–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick EN, Land G. William Miller and the advent crisis, 1831–1844.
   Google Scholar
• Berrien Springs: Andrews University Press, 1994; p. 8–9.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. Millerism. History of Akron [homepage on the Internet]. 2007. Available from: http://akronhistory.org/millerism.htm
   Google Scholar
• Slick MJ. History of the Jehovah's Witnesses. 1992–2012.
   Google Scholar
• Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry [homepage on the Internet]. c2012. Available from: http://carm.org/jehovahs-witnesses-history
   Google Scholar
• Anon. Library of Jehovah's Witnesses. Patheos Library [homepage on the Internet]. 2010. Available from: http://www.patheos.com/Library/Jehovahs-Witnesses.html
   Google Scholar
• Harrison BG. Visions of glory: a history and memory of Jehovah's Witnesses. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. The Watchtower; 1945.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. The Watchtower; 1951.
   Google Scholar
• Woolley S. Children of Jehovah's Witnesses and adolescent Jehovah's Witnesses: what are their rights? Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90(7): 715–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muramoto, O. Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses. BMJ. 2001; 322(7277): 37–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singelenberg R. The blood transfusion taboo of Jehovah's Witnesses: origin, development and function of a controversial doctrine. Soc Sci Med. 1990; 31(4): 515–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Watchtower and Bible Tract Society. Reasoning from the Scriptures Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. New York: WBTS, 1985; p. 81.
   Google Scholar
• Grundy P. Disfellowshipping and shunning. 2005–2012.
   Google Scholar
• Facts about Jehovah's Witnesses [homepage on the Internet]. c2012. Available from: http://www.jwfacts.com/watchtower/disfellowship-shunning.php
   Google Scholar
• Blood safety and HIV. Avert [homepage on the Internet]. c2012. Available from: http://www.avert.org/blood-safety-hiv.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gledhill R. U-turn on blood transfusions by Witnesses. Times [homepage on the Internet]. 2000. Available from: www.times-archive.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/06/14/timfgnusa01004.html
   Google Scholar
• Hughes DB, Ullery BW, Barie PS. The contemporary approach to the care of Jehovah's witnesses. J Trauma. 2008; 65(1): 237–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould SA, Moore EE, Hoyt DB, et al. The first randomized trial of human polymerized hemoglobin as a blood substitute in acute trauma and emergent surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 1998; 187(2): 113–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould S, Sehgal L, Sehgal H, et al. Clinical experience with human polymerized hemoglobin. Transfusion. 1993; 33 Suppl:60S.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson JL, Moore EE, Offner PJ, et al. Resuscitation of the injured patient with polymerized stroma-free hemoglobin does not produce systemic or pulmonary hypertension. Am J Surg. 1998; 176(6): 612–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon. Questions from readers. Brooklyn: The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp D. Jehovah's Witnesses' blood policy. Lancet. 2000; 356(9223):8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statement to the media. Brooklyn: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society; 2000. Available from: www.ajwrb.org/basics/jwpressrelease6-14-00.jpg
   Google Scholar
• Anon. The Watchtower. 1981: 25.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. The Watchtower. 1981: 31.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. The Watchtower. 1981: 27.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. The Watchtower. 1970: 351–352.
   Google Scholar
• Muramoto O. Medical confidentiality and the protection of Jehovah's Witnesses' autonomous refusal of blood. J Med Ethics. 2000; 26(5): 381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder L. Why some Jehovah's Witnesses accept blood and conscientiously reject official Watchtower Society blood policy. J Med Ethics. 2000; 26(5): 375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muramoto O. Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 1. Should bioethical deliberation consider dissidents' views? J Med Ethics. 1998; 24(4): 223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robb N. Jehovah's Witnesses leading education drive as hospitals adjust to no blood requests. CMAJ. 1996; 154(4): 557–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muramoto O. Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions. Lancet. 1998; 352(9120): 824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maugans TA. The SPIRITtual history. Arch Fam Med. 1996; 5(1): 11–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson RJ. Spirituality and medicine: science and practice. Ann Fam Med. 2008;6 (5): 388–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridley DT. Jehovah's Witnesses' refusal of blood: obedience to scripture and religious conscience. J Med Ethics. 1999; 25(6): 469–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckford JA. The trumpet of prophecy. A sociological analysis of Jehovah's Witnesses. Br J Sociol. 1978; 249–262.
   Google Scholar