Pain medication in children: a practical approach

References

• Russell. Pediatric pain management. American Medical Association, CME. 2013; Module 6.
   Google Scholar
• Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, Koren G. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet. 1997; 349(9052): 599–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaney R. Assessing pain in children. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2007; 8(5): 180–183.
   Google Scholar
• Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997; 23(3): 293–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henneberg S. Acute paediatric pain. Curr Anaesth Crit Care. 2007(18): 126–134.
   Google Scholar
• Mather L, Mackie J. The incidence of postoperative pain in children. Pain. 1983; 15(3): 271–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, et al. The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years ot age. Anesth Analg. 2000; 91(3): 573–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinkin JL, Fazi LM, Cuy RM, et al. Use of intranasal fentanyl in children undergoing myringotomy and tube placement during halothane and sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiol. 2000; 93(6): 1378–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen GM, Muckle RP, Mahowald MW, et al. Postoperative respiratory compromise in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: can it be anticipated? Pediatrics. 1994; 93(5): 784–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell LG, Kaufmann SC, Bitzer S, et al. The effects of a small-dose naloxone infusion on opioid-induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a double-blind, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2005; 100(4): 953–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short JA, Barr CA, Palmer CD, et al. Use of diclofenac in children with asthma. Anaesthesia. 2000; 55(4): 334–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gournay V, Roze JC, Kuster A, et al. Prophylactic ibuprofen versus placebo in very premature infants: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 364(9449): 1939–1944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter TR, Heiner EJ. Intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant to pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. J Clin Anesth. 1994; 6(2): 110–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foeldvari I, Szer IS, Zemel LS, et al. A prospective study comparing celecoxib with naproxen in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009; 36(1): 174–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutaud O, Aronoff DM, Richardson JH, et al. Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H(2) synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99(10): 7130–7135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering G, Loriot MA, Libert F, et al. Analgesic effect of acetaminophen in humans: first evidence of a central serotonergic mechanism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 79(4): 371–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahmani S, Michelet D, Abback PS, et al. Ketamine for perioperative pain management in children: a meta-analysis of published studies. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011; 21(6): 636–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gall O, Annequin D, Benoit G, et al. Adverse events of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for procedural sedation in children. Lancet. 2001; 358(9292): 1514–1515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith I. Alpha-2-agonists in day case anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011; 24(6): 644–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinin H, Karhuvaara S, Olkkola KT, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992; 52(5): 537–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Negri P, Ivani G, Visconti C, De Vivo P. How to prolong postoperative analgesia after caudal anaesthesia with ropivacaine in children: S-ketamine versus clonidine. Paediatr Anaesth. 2001; 11 (6): 679–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twycross A. The management of acute pain in children. Prof Nurse. 1998; 14(2): 95–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar