Promising anti-microbial effect of apple vinegar as a natural decolonizing agent in healthcare workers

References

• Rongpharpi SR, Hazarika NK, Kalita H. The prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a tertiary care hospital in assam with special reference to MRSA. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 Feb;7(2):257–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albrich WC, Harbarth S. Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA? Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:289–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakkar V, Ghobrial GM, Maulucci CM, et al. Nasal MRSA colonization: impact on surgical site infection following spine surgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014 Oct;125:94–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow G, Field D, Mancuso M, et al. Decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during routine hospital care: efficacy and long-term followup. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2010;21(1):38–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElSayed N, Ashour M, Amine AEK. Vancomycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a rural setting, Egypt. Germs. 2018 Sep 3;8(3):134–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wattal C, Oberoi JK. Mupirocin resistant staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among healthcare workers. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014 Nov;18(11):709–710.
   Google Scholar
• Patel JB, Gorwitz RJ, Jernigan JA. Mupirocin resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:935–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AS, Macedo M, Francois P, et al. Impact of combined low-level mupirocin and genotypic chlorhexidine resistance on persistent methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage after decolonization therapy: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:1422–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagnik D, Serafin V, Shah AJ. Antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans down regulating cytokine and microbial protein expression. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armin S, Fallah F, Navidinia M, et al. Prevalence of blaOXA-1 and blaDHA-1 AmpC β-lactamase-producing and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in Iran. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2017;5(4):e36778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahon C, Manuselis JR. Diagnostic microbiology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000. p. 1165.
   Google Scholar
• Ling TK, Liu ZK, Cheng AF. Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli from positive blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(10):4705–4707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI supplement M100S. 26th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs PC, Jones RN, Barry AL. Interpretive criteria for disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Mupirocin, a topical antibiotic. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(3):608–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shino B, Peedikayil FC, Jaiprakash SR, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine, coconut oil, probiotics, and ketoconazole on candida albicans isolated in children with early childhood caries: an in vitro study. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016; 2016:7061587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeke MI, Okoli AS, Eze EN, et al. Antibacterial activity of Citrus limonum fruit juice extract. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;28(5):1567–1571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldas B, Altuner EM. The antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar and grape vinegar, which are used as a traditional surface disinfectant for fruits and vegetables. Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series. 2018;27(1):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Poovelikunnel T, Gethin G, Humphreys H. Mupirocin resistance: clinical implications and potential alternatives for the eradication of MRSA. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(10):2681–2692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horner C, Mawer D, Wilcox M. Reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine in staphylococci: is it increasing and does it matter? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(11):2547–2559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonberg RP, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, et al. How often do asymptomatic healthcare workers cause methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks? A systematic evaluation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006 Oct;27(10):1123–1127. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari DN, Navidinia M, Gachkar L, et al. Role of prophylactic antibiotic administration in growth of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in rhinoplasty. Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med. 2019;9((3)):109–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourramezan N, Ohadian Moghadam S, Pourmand MR. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus tracking spread among health-care workers and hospitalized patients in critical wards at a university hospital, Tehran, Iran. New Microbes New Infect. 2018 Nov;16(27):29–35.
   Google Scholar
• Kakhandki LS, Peerapur BV. Study of nasal carriage of MRSA among the clinical staff and healthcare workers of a teaching hospital of Karnataka, India Al Ameen. J Med Sci. 2012;5:367–370.
   Google Scholar
• Shibabaw A, Abebe T, Mihret A. Nasal carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Dessie Referral Hospital health care workers; Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013;2:25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subedi S, Brahmadathan KN. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Nepal. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(3):235–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Humaidan OS, El-Kersh TA, Al-Akeel RA. Risk factors of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care staff in a teaching hospital in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2015;36:1084–1090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassmannshausen R, Deurenberg RH, Köck R, et al. MRSA prevalence and associated risk factors among health-care workers in non-outbreak situations in the Dutch-German EUREGIO. Front Microbiol. 2016 Aug;22(7):1273.
   Google Scholar
• Navidinia M, Fallah F, Lajevardi B, et al. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from health care providers in Mofid Children Hospital. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2015;3(2):e16458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kshetry AO, Pant ND, Bhandari R, et al. Minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2016;5:27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral R, Khanal B, Acharya A. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Eastern Nepal. Health Renaissance. 2011;9: 78–82.
   Google Scholar
• Ploy MC, Francois B, Mounier M, et al. Nasal carriage of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among intensive care unit staff. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askarian M, Zeinalzadeh A, Japoni A, et al. Prevalence of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in healthcare workers at Namazi hospital Shiraz, Iran. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:241–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan SB, Austin ED, Stump S, et al. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: no significant impact on mortality but increase in complicated infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(7): e00316–17.
   Google Scholar
• Khanal R, Sah P, Lamichhane P, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at a tertiary care hospital in Western Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4:39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Malhotra R, Grover P, et al. Antimicrobial resistance profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the anterior nares of health-care workers and outpatients attending the remotely located tertiary care hospital of North India. J Lab Physicians. 2017;9:317–321.
   Google Scholar
• Rajkumari N, Mathur P, Bhardwaj N, et al. Resistance pattern of mupirocin in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in trauma patients and comparison between disc diffusion and e-test for better detection in low resource countries. J Lab Physicians. 2014;6(2):91–95.
   Google Scholar
• Elanithi K, Kavitha E, Joshy ME. Screening for nasal carriage of mupirocin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Microbiol Res. 2018;5(Issue: 2):240–243.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal L, Singh AK, Sengupta C, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin- and mupirocin-resistant S. aureus among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital. J Res Pharm Pract. 2015;4(4):182–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur DC, Narayan PA. Mupirocin resistance in nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers of a tertiary care rural hospital. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18(11):716–721.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barakat GI, Nabil YM. Correlation of mupirocin resistance with biofilm production in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surgical site infections in a tertiary center, Egypt. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2016 Mar;4:16–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navidinia M, Goudarzi H, Pouriran R, et al. Molecular analysis and integron carriage of mupirocin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn wound infections, Tehran, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2019;14(1):e84764. Online ahead of Print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes C, Ferguson J. Phenotypic Chlorhexidine and triclosan susceptibility in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Australia. Pathology. 2017 Oct;49(6):633–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng WH, Wang JT, Lauderdale TL, et al. Epidemiology and susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan: emphasis on Chlorhexidine susceptibility. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009 Mar;63(3):309–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudarzi M, Navidinia M. Overview perspective of bacterial strategies of resistance to biocides and antibiotics. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2019;14(2):e65744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornemeier V, Peters D, Albrecht JA. Effect of added citric acid and acetic acid on the growth of Staphylococcus and Listeria in a mayonnaise-based salad. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97(9):A83.
   Google Scholar