Should we follow the guidelines on vitamin B12 deficiency and diabetes? A retrospective analysis of data from middle eastern population

References

• Oh R, Brown D. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(5):979–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2285e93. DOI:10.2337/dc10-1303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candrilli SD, Davis KL, Kan HJ, et al. Prevalence and the associated burden of illness of symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Complicat. 2007;21(5):306e14. DOI:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordois A, Scuffham P, Shearer A, et al. The health care costs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1790e5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouf R, Areosa S. Vitamin B12 for cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Crellin R. Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2000. 2000;69(2):228–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selhub J, Morris M, Jacques P, et al. Folate–vitamin B-12 interaction in relation to cognitive impairment, anemia, and biochemical indicators of vitamin B-12 deficiency.Am. J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(2):702S–706S.
   Google Scholar
• Pflipsen M, Oh R, Saguil A, et al. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross sectional. Study J Am Board Fam Med. 2009;22(5):528–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nervo M, Lubini A, Raimundo F, et al. Vitamin B12 in metformin-treated diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Brazil. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2011;57(1): 56-46-9. doi:10.1590/S0104-42302011000100015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Dai L, Jean W. Metformin-related vitamin B12 deficiency. Age Ageing. 2006;35(2):200–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumthekar A, Gidwani H, Kumthekar A. Metformin associated B12 deficiency. J Assoc Physicians India. 2012;60:58–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kos E, Liszek M, Emanuele M, et al. Effect of metformin therapy on vitamin D and vitamin B12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(2):179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinstatler L, Qi Y, Williamson R, et al. Association of biochemical B12 deficiency with metformin therapy and vitamin B12 supplements. The national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999 –2006. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi S, Ainsworth A, Winocour P. Metformin therapy and assessment for vitamin B12 deficiency: is it necessary? Pract Diabetes. 2011;28:302–304.
   Google Scholar
• U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Clinical laboratory fee schedule 2010. Accessed December 5, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Robert C, Langan M, Kimberly J, et al. Update on Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(12):1425–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazokopakis E, Starakis I. Recommendations for diagnosis and management of metformin-induced vitamin B12 (Cbl) deficiency. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97:359–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannibal L, Lysne V, Bjørke-Monsen AL, et al. Biomarkers and algorithms for the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency. Front Mol Biosci. 2016 Jun 27;3:27. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2016.00027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Shafiq I, Hassan Shah M. Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type ii diabetes mellitus on metformin: a study from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Cureus. 2017 Aug 18;9(8):e1577.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loikas S, Koskinen P, Irjala K. Vitamin B12 deficiency in the aged: a population-based study. Age Ageing. 2007;36:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yajnik C, Deshpande S, Lubree H. Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia in rural and urban Indians. JAPI. 2006;54:775–782.
   Google Scholar
• Shobhaa V, Tareya S, Singh R. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency & levels of metabolites in an apparently normal urban south Indian elderly population. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(4):432–439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akinlade KS, Agbebaku SO, Rahamon SK, et al. Vitamin b12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2015;13(2):79–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filioussi K, Bonovas S, Katsaros T. Should we screen diabetic patients using biguanides for megaloblastic anaemia? Aust Fam Physician. 2003;32(5):383–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pongchaidecha M, Srikusalanukul V, Chattananon A, et al. Effect of metformin on plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid: a cross-sectional study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87(7):780–787.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S E A, Noel E, Goichot B. Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency Arch Intern Med. Arch Internal Med. 2002;162(19):2251–2252.
   Google Scholar
• Miyan Z, Waris N. Association of vitamin B12 deficiency in people with type 2 diabetes on metformin and without metformin: a multicenter study, Karachi, Pakistan. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020 May;8(1):e001151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakkar NFH, Marzouk D, Allam MF, et al. Association between vitamin B12 level and clinical peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin therapy. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2022;58(1):46. DOI:10.1186/s41983-022-00483-9
   Google Scholar
• Reinstatler L, Qi YP, Williamson RS, et al. Association of biochemical B12 deficiency with metformin therapy and vitamin B12 supplements: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwape L, Ocampo C, Oyekunle A, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with diabetes at a specialised diabetes clinic, Botswana. JEMDSA. 2021;26(3):101–105.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed MA, Muntingh G, Rheeder P. Vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated type-2 diabetes patients, prevalence and association with peripheral neuropathy. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;17(1):44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spallone V, Morganti R, D’Amato C, et al. Validation of DN4 as a screening tool for neuropathic pain in painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med. 2012;29(5):578–585. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03500.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot-Kamphuis DM, van Dijk PR, Groenier KH, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency and the lack of its consequences in type 2 diabetes patients using metformin. Neth J Med. 2013;71(7):386–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters M, Hermann S, Hahn A. Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years. Eur J Nutr. 2005;44(3):183–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok T, Cheng G, Woo J, et al. Independent effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on hematological status in older Chinese vegetarian women. Am J Hematol. 2002;70(3):186–190. DOI:10.1002/ajh.10134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soofi S, Khan GN, Sadiq K, et al. Prevalence and possible factors associated with anaemia, and vitamin B 12 and folate deficiencies in women of reproductive age in Pakistan: analysis of national-level secondary survey data. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e018007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar