Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere soil of poisonous plants depressed the growth of pasture grasses in the Tibetan Plateau Alpine meadow

References

• Asghari, H. R., P. Marschner, S. E. Smith, and F. A. Smith. 2005. “Growth Response of Atriplex Nummularis to Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at Different Salinity Levels.” Plant and Soil 273: 245–256. doi:10.1007/s11104-004-7942-6.
   Google Scholar
• Bever, J. D. 2002. “Negative Feedback within a Mutualism: Host-specific Growth of Mycorrhizal Fungi Reduces Plant Benefit.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B London Biological Sciences 269: 2595–2601. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2162.
   Google Scholar
• Bever, J. D., S. C. Richardson, B. M. Lawrence, J. Holmes, and M. Watson. 2009. “Preferential Allocation to Beneficial Symbiont with Spatial Structure Maintains Mycorrhizal Mutualism.” Ecology Letters 12: 13–21. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01254.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bostan, C., M. Butnariu, M. Butu, A. Ortan, A. Butu, S. Rodino, and C. Parvu. 2013. “Allelopathic Effect of Festuca Rubra on Perennial Grasses.” Romanian Biotechnological Letters 18: 8190–8196.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, X. B., Y. L. Peng, M. N. Yang, T. Zhang, and Q. Zhang. 2014. “Grassland Degradation Decrease the Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Species in Tibet Plateau.” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici 42: 333–339.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, G. M., Y. H. Tang, W. H. Mo, Y. S. Wang, Y. N. Li, and X. Q. Zhao. 2004. “Grazing Intensity Alters Soil Respiration in an Alpine Meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36: 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.09.010.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. S., and S. Zheng. 1987. The Poisonous Plant in China. Beijing: Science Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, W., G. Sun, L. Du, Y. Wu, Q. Y. Zheng, H. X. Zhang, L. Liu, and N. Wu. 2014. “Unpalatable Weed Stellera Chamaejasme L. Provides Biotic Refuge for Neighboring Species and Conserves Plant Diversity in Overgrazing Alpine Meadows on the Tibetan Plateau in China.” Journal of Mountain Science 11 (3): 746–754. doi:10.1007/s11629-013-2729-y.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, L. L., H. Y. Xiong, F. M. Qi, H. H. Li, G. X. Fan, J. M. Che, D. D. Guo, Z. X. Zhang, and D. Q. Fei. 2015a. “A New Norsesquiterpenoid from Ligularia Virgaurea.” Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 17: 415–419. doi:10.1080/10286020.2014.971018.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, S. K., X. X. Wang, S. L. Liu, Y. Y. Li, X. K. Su, L. Wen, and L. Zhu. 2015b. “Reproductive Responses of Alpine Plants to Grassland Degradation and Artificial Restoration in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” Grass and Forage Science 70: 229–238. doi:10.1111/gfs.2015.70.issue-2.
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers, B. K. 2011. “Soil Microorganisms Alleviate the Allelochemical Effects of a Thyme Monoterpene on the Performance of an Associated Grass Species.” PloS One 6 (11): e26321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026321.
   Google Scholar
• Engelmoer, D. J. P., and E. T. Kiers. 2015. “Host Diversity Affects the Abundance of the Extraradical Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Network.” New Phytologist 205: 1485–1491. doi:10.1111/nph.13086.
   Google Scholar
• Eom, A. H., D. C. Hartnett, and G. W. T. Wilson. 2000. “Host Plant Species Effects on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Tall Grass Prairie.” Oecologia 122: 435–444. doi:10.1007/s004420050050.
   Google Scholar
• Fellbaum, C. R., J. A. Mensah, A. J. Cloos, G. E. Strahan, P. E. Pfeffer, E. T. Kiers, and H. Bücking. 2014. “Fungal Nutrient Allocation in Common Mycorrhizal Networks Is Regulated by the Carbon Source Strength of Individual Host Plants.” New Phytologist 203: 646–656. doi:10.1111/nph.12827.
   Google Scholar
• Gai, J. P., P. Christie, X. B. Cai, J. Q. Fan, J. L. Zhang, G. Feng, and X. L. Li. 2009. “Occurrence and Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Species in Three Types of Grassland Community of the Tibetan Plateau.” Ecological Research 24: 1345–1350. doi:10.1007/s11284-009-0618-1.
   Google Scholar
• Gai, J. P., G. Feng, X. B. Cai, P. Christie, and X. L. Li. 2006. “A Preliminary Survey of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Status of Grassland Plants in Southern Tibet.” Mycorrhiza 16: 191–196. doi:10.1007/s00572-005-0032-7.
   Google Scholar
• Gai, J. P., H. Tian, F. Y. Yang, P. Christie, X. L. Li, and J. N. Klironomos. 2012. “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity along a Tibetan Elevation Gradient.” Pedobiologia 55: 145–151. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.12.004.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Q. Z., Y. Li, H. M. Xu, Y. F. Wan, and W. Z. Jiangcun. 2014. “Adaptation Strategies of Climate Variability Impacts on Alpine Grassland Ecosystems in Tibetan Plateau.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19: 199–209. doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9434-y.
   Google Scholar
• Gianinazzi, S., A. Gollotte, M. N. Binet, D. van Tuinen, D. Redecker, and D. Wipf. 2010. “Agroecology: The Key Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Ecosystem Services.” Mycorrhiza 20: 519–530. doi:10.1007/s00572-010-0333-3.
   Google Scholar
• Giovannetti, M., and B. Mosse. 1980. “An Evaluation of Techniques for Measuring Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Infection in Roots.” New Phytologist 84: 489–500. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04556.x.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hautier, Y., C. F. Randin, J. Stöcklin, and A. Guisan. 2009. “Changes in Reproductive Investment with Altitude in an Alpine Plant.” Journal of Plant Ecology 2: 125–134. doi:10.1093/jpe/rtp011.
   Google Scholar
• Hiiesalu, I., M. Pärtel, J. Davison, P. Gerhold, M. Metsis, M. Moora, M. Öpik, M. Vasar, M. Zobel, and S. D. Wilson. 2014. “Species Richness of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Associations with Grassland Plant Richness and Biomass.” New Phytologist 203: 233–244. doi:10.1111/nph.12765.
   Google Scholar
• Inderjit, S., and W. H. van der Putten. 2010. “Impacts of Soil Microbial Communities on Exotic Plant Invasions.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25: 512–519. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.006.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, S. J., J. B. Pan, G. X. Shi, T. Dorji, K. A. Hopping, J. Klein, Y. J. Liu, and H. Y. Feng. 2018. “Identification of Root-colonizing AM Fungal Communities and Their Responses to Short-term Climate Change and Grazing on Tibetan Plateau.” Symbiosis 74: 159–166. doi:10.1007/s13199-017-0497-0.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, L., X. W. Sun, X. J. Wang, Y. Y. Shen, F. J. Hou, S. H. Chang, and C. Wang. 2010. “Synergistic Interactions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia Promoted the Growth of Lathyrus Sativus under Sulphate Salt Stress.” Symbiosis 50: 157–164. doi:10.1007/s13199-010-0058-2.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, L., Q. Wang, Q. Wang, X. J. Wang, and A. C. Gange. 2017. “Mycorrhizal-induced Growth Depression in Plants.” Symbiosis 72: 81–88. doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0444-5.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, L., G. Q. Zhang, X. J. Wang, C. Y. Dou, M. Chen, S. S. Lin, and Y. Y. Li. 2011. “Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Regulate Inter-specific Competition between a Poisonous Plant, Ligularia Virgaurea, and a Co-existing Grazing Grass, Elymus Nutans, in Tibetan Plateau Alpine Meadow Ecosystem.” Symbiosis 55: 29–38. doi:10.1007/s13199-011-0141-3.
   Google Scholar
• Kiers, E. T., M. Duhamel, Y. Beesetty, J. A. Mensah, O. Franken, E. Verbruggen, C. R. Fellbaum, et al. 2011. “Reciprocal Rewards Stabilize Cooperation in the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.” Science 333: 880–882. doi:10.1126/science.1208473.
   Google Scholar
• Klironomos, J. N. 2003. “Variation in Plant Response to Native and Exotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.” Ecology 84: 2292–2301. doi:10.1890/02-0413.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H. B., B. T. Liu, M. L. McCormack, Z. Q. Ma, and D. L. Guo. 2017. “Diverse Belowground Resource Strategies Underlie Plant Species Coexistence and Spatial Distribution in Three Grassland along a Precipitation Gradient.” New Phytologist 216: 1140–1150. doi:10.1111/nph.14710.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X. L., J. P. Gai, X. B. Cai, X. L. Li, P. Christie, F. S. Zhang, and J. L. Zhang. 2014a. “Molecular Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Two Co-occurring Perennial Plant Species on a Tibetan Altitudinal Gradient.” Mycorrhiza 24: 95–107. doi:10.1007/s00572-013-0518-7.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y. Y., S. K. Dong, S. Liu, X. Wang, L. Wen, and Y. Wu. 2014b. “The Interaction between Poisonous Plants and Soil Quality in Response to Grassland Degradation in the Alpine Region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” Plant Ecology 215: 809–819. doi:10.1007/s11258-014-0333-z.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsey, A. A. 1956. “Sampling Methods and Community Attributes in Forest Ecology.” Forest Science 2: 287–296.
   Google Scholar
• López-García, Á., C. Azcón-Aguilar, and J. M. Barea. 2014. “The Interactions between Plant Life Form and Fungal Traits of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Determine the Symbiotic Community.” Oecologia 176: 1075–1086. doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3091-7.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, H., S. S. Wang, Q. W. Zhou, Y. N. Zhao, and B. Y. Zhao. 2013. “Damage and Control of Major Poisonous Plants in the Western Grasslands of China – A Review.” The Rangeland Journal 34: 329–339. doi:10.1071/RJ12057.
   Google Scholar
• Menge, J. A., E. L. V. Johnson, and R. G. Platt. 1978. “Mycorrhizal Dependency of Several Citrus Cultivars under Three Nutrient Regimes.” New Phytologist 81: 553–559. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1978.tb01628.x.
   Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen, B. L., S. Rosendahl, and I. Jakobsen. 2008. “Underground Resource Allocation between Individual Networks of Mycorrhizal Fungi.” New Phytologist 180: 890–898. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02623.x.
   Google Scholar
• Moora, M., M. Öpik, R. Sen, and M. Zobel. 2004. “Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities Differentially Influence the Seedling Performance of Rare and Common Pulsatilla Species.” Functional Ecology 18: 554–562. doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00876.x.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, F., Y. Quangang, X. Xue, J. Guo, and T. Wang. 2015. “Effects of Rodent-induced Land Degradation on Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes in an Alpine Meadow in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.” Solid Earth 6: 303–310. doi:10.5194/se-6-303-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. M., and D. S. Hayman. 1970. “Improved Procedures for Clearing Roots and Staining Parasitic and Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Rapid Assessment of Infection.” Transactions of the British Mycological Society 55: 158–161. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(70)80110-3.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, B., W. Liu, L. Gao, C. Chen, Z. Hu, and W. Wu. 2012. “Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Anemone Rivularis.” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6: 4221–4224.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, X. M., X. G. Li, R. M. Wu, Y. H. Yang, and R. J. Long. 2011. “Changes in Soil Biochemical Properties Associated with Ligularia Virgaurea Spreading in Grazed Alpine Meadows.” Plant and Soil 347: 65–78. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0818-7.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, Z. C. 1997. Important Poisonous Plants of China Grassland. Beijing: China Agriculture Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sieverding, E., J. Friedrichsen, and W. Suden. 1991. “Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhiza Management in Tropical Agrosystems.” Sonderpublikation Der GTZ 224: 339–365.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, D. M., and M. A. Batalha. 2008. “Soil-vegetation Relationships in Cerrados under Different Fire Frequencies.” Plant and Soil 311: 87–96. doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9660-y.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. E., and D. J. Read. 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, M., M. Gutman, A. Perevolotsky, E. D. Ungar, and J. Kigel. 2000. “Vegetation Response to Grazing Management in a Mediterranean Herbaceous Community: A Functional Group Approach.” Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 224–237. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00491.x.
   Google Scholar
• van der Heijden, M. G. A., A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 2003. “Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alter Coexistence and Resource Distribution between Co-occurring Plant.” New Phytologist 157: 569–578. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00688.x.
   Google Scholar
• Vivanco, J. M., H. P. Bais, F. R. Stermitz, G. C. Thelen, and R. M. Callaway. 2004. “Biogeographical Variation in Community Response to Root Allelochemistry: Novel Weapons and Exotic Invasion.” Ecology Letters 7: 285–292. doi:10.1111/ele.2004.7.issue-4.
   Google Scholar
• Walder, F., H. Niemann, M. Natarajan, M. F. Lehmann, T. Boller, and A. Wiemken. 2012. “Mycorrhizal Networks: Common Goods of Plants Shared under Unequal Terms of Trade.” Plant Physiology 159: 789–797. doi:10.1104/pp.112.195727.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q. 2016. Studies on the AM Fungal Spores Identification in Poisonous Plants Rhizosphere and Its Regulation on Interactions between Plants on Tibetan Plateau Alpine Meadow. Lanzhou, China: Lanzhou University [D].
   Google Scholar
• Wen, L., S. K. Dong, Y. Y. Li, X. Y. Li, J. J. Shi, Y. L. Wang, D. M. Liu, and Y. S. Ma. 2013. “Effect of Degradation Intensity on Grassland Ecosystem Services in the Alpine Region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.” PloS One 8 (3): e58432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058432.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, G. D. A., and E. T. Kiers. 2015. “Order of Arrival Structures Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization of Plants.” New Phytologist 205: 1515–1524. doi:10.1111/nph.13092.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, G. L., G. Z. Du, Z. H. Liu, and S. Thirgood. 2009. “Effect of Fencing and Grazing on a Kobresia-dominated Meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” Plant and Soil 319: 115–126. doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9854-3.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, G. L., Z. H. Liu, L. Zhang, J. M. Chen, and T. M. Hu. 2010. “Long-term Fencing Improved Soil Properties and Soil Organic Carbon Storage in an Alpine Swamp Meadow.” Plant and Soil 332: 331–337. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0299-0.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, T. P., G. F. Zhang, Z. G. Zhao, G. Z. Du, and G. Y. He. 2014. “Intraspecific Competition and Light Effect on Reproduction of Ligularia Virgaurea, an Invasive Native Alpine Grassland Clonal Herb.” Ecology and Evolution 4: 827–835. doi:10.1002/ece3.975.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. H., J. Y. Fang, Y. H. Tang, C. J. Ji, C. Y. Zheng, J. S. He, and B. Zhu. 2008. “Storage, Patterns and Controls of Soil Organic Carbon in the Tibetan Grasslands.” Global Change Biology 14: 1592–1599. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01591.x.
   Google Scholar
• Yue, H. L., X. H. Zhao, L. J. Mei, and Y. Shao. 2013. “Separation and Purification of Five Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Lamiophlomis Rotata (benth.) Kudo by a Macroporous Resin Column Combined with High-speed Counter-current Chromatography.” Journal of Separation Science 36: 3123–3129. doi:10.1002/jssc.201300268.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. F., P. Wang, Y. F. Yang, Q. Bi, S. Y. Tian, and X. W. Shi. 2011a. “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improve Reestablishment of Leymus Chinensis in Bare Saline-alkaline Soil: Implication on Vegetation Restoration of Extremely Degraded Land.” Journal of Arid Environments 75: 773–778. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.008.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. Q., Y. H. Zhang, and H. Sun. 2011b. “The Reproductive Biology of Stellera Chamaejasme (thymelaeaceae): A Self-incompatible Weed with Specialized Flowers.” Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 206: 567–574. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2011.01.008.
   Google Scholar
• Zuo, X. A., X. Y. Zhao, H. L. Zhao, T. Zhang, Y. Guo, Y. Li, and Y. Huang. 2009. “Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Properties and Vegetation-soil Relationships following Vegetation Restoration of Mobile Dunes in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China.” Plant and Soil 318: 153–167. doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9826-7.
   Google Scholar