Evolution of the global polyethylene waste trade system

References

• Albeck-Ripka, L. 2018. “Your Recycling Gets Recycled, Right? Maybe, or Maybe Not.” The New York Times, May 29.
   Google Scholar
• Ananthalakshmi, A., EC. 2018. “Swamped with Plastic Waste: Malaysia Struggles as Global Scrap Piles Up”. https://www.businessinsider.my/swamped-with-plastic-waste-malaysia-struggles-as-global-scrap-piles-up/?_ga=2.147211635.554056196.1551840705-1596260945.1551840705
   Google Scholar
• Behrens, A., S. Giljum, J. Kovanda, and S. Niza. 2007. “The Material Basis of the Global Economy: Worldwide Patterns of Natural Resource Extraction and Their Implications for Sustainable Resource Use Policies.” Ecological Economics 64 (2): 444–16. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondel, V. D., J.-L. Guillaume, R. Lambiotte, and E. Lefebvre. 2008. “Fast Unfolding of Communities in Large Networks.” Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2008 (10): P10008. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandes, U. 2001. “A Faster Algorithm for Betweenness Centrality.” The Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25 (2): 163–177. doi:10.1080/0022250X.2001.9990249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, A. L., S. Wang, and J. R. Jambeck. 2018. “The Chinese Import Ban and Its Impact on Global Plastic Waste Trade.” Science Advances 4 (6): eaat0131. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat0131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., H. An, X. Gao, H. Li, and X. Hao. 2016. “Competition Pattern of the Global Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Trade by Network Analysis.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 33: 769–776. doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2016.06.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. M., G. Akese, and Y. Garb. 2019. “Beyond the Pollution Haven Hypothesis: Where and Why Do E-waste Hubs Emerge and What Does This Mean for Policies and Interventions?” Geoforum 98: 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.09.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DHL Resilience360. 2018. “Vietnam Bans Scrap Import to Keep Its Ports Congestion-free” https://www.resilience360.dhl.com/news/vietnam-bans-scrap-import-to-keep-its-ports-congestion-free/
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2018. A European Strategy for Plastics in A Circular Economy. Brussels: European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, J. 2018. “Thailand to Ban Foreign Plastic Waste from 2021 as South East Asia Buckles under Waste Influx”. The Telegraph.
   Google Scholar
• Ge, J., X. Wang, Q. Guan, W. Li, H. Zhu, and M. Yao. 2016. “World Rare Earths Trade Network: Patterns, Relations and Role Characteristics.” Resources Policy 50: 119–130. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geyer, R., J. R. Jambeck, and K. L. Law. 2017. “Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made.” Science Advances 3 (7): e1700782. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokce Saracoglu, S. L. 2018. “Turkey’s Plastic Waste Imports from the UK are Booming – But at What Cost?.” The Guardian, October 18.
   Google Scholar
• Gregson, N., and M. Crang. 2015. “From Waste to Resource: The Trade in Wastes and Global Recycling Economies.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40 (1): 151–176. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao, X., H. An, H. Qi, and X. Gao. 2016. “Evolution of the Exergy Flow Network Embodied in the Global Fossil Energy Trade: Based on Complex Network.” Applied Energy 162: 1515–1522. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao, X., H. An, X. Sun, and W. Zhong. 2018. “The Import Competition Relationship and Intensity in the International Iron Ore Trade: From Network Perspective.” Resources Policy 57: 45–54. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotta, Y., M. Elder, H. Mori, and M. Tanaka. 2008. “Policy Considerations for Establishing an Environmentally Sound Regional Material Flow in East Asia.” The Journal of Environment & Development 17 (1): 26–50. doi:10.1177/1070496507312562.
   Google Scholar
• Ji, Q., H.-Y. Zhang, and Y. Fan. 2014. “Identification of Global Oil Trade Patterns: An Empirical Research Based on Complex Network Theory.” Energy Conversion and Management 85: 856–865. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laner, D., and H. Rechberger. 2016. “Material Flow Analysis.” In Special Types of Life Cycle Assessment, edited by M. Finkbeiner, 293–332. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Latapy, M. 2008. “Main-memory Triangle Computations for Very Large (Sparse (Power-law)) Graphs.” Theoretical Computer Science 407 (1): 458–473. doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2008.07.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepawsky, J. 2015. “The Changing Geography of Global Trade in Electronic Discards: Time to Rethink the E-waste Problem.” The Geographical Journal 181 (2): 147–159. doi:10.1111/geoj.12077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepawsky, J., and C. McNabb. 2010. “Mapping International Flows of Electronic Waste.” The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien 54 (2): 177–195. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00279.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. 2017. “Announcement of Releasing the Catalogues of Imported Wastes Management.” Announcement no. 39, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. 2018. “Announcement on Amending Catalogues of Imported Wastes Management.” Announcement no. 6, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• MSCI. 2019. “Msci Emerging Markets Index.” https://www.msci.com/emerging-markets
   Google Scholar
• Plastics Europe. 2008. The Compelling Facts About Plastics. Brussels: PlasticsEurope.
   Google Scholar
• Plastics Europe. 2018. Plastics—the Facts 2018. Brussels: PlasticsEurope.
   Google Scholar
• Plastics Insight. 2019a. “HDPE (High-density Polyethylene): Production, Market, Price and Its Properties.” https://www.plasticsinsight.com/resin-intelligence/resin-prices/hdpe/
   Google Scholar
• Plastics Insight. 2019b. “LDPE (Low-density Polyethylene): Production, Price and Its Properties.” https://www.plasticsinsight.com/resin-intelligence/resin-prices/ldpe/
   Google Scholar
• Plastics Insight. 2019c. “LLDPE (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene): Production, Price and Its Properties.” https://www.plasticsinsight.com/resin-intelligence/resin-prices/lldpe/
   Google Scholar
• Puckett, J., and C. S. Theodore. 2002. Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia. Seattle, WA: Basel Action Network.
   Google Scholar
• Reintjes, M. 2018. “Malaysia Bans Import of Plastic Waste Recycling International.” https://recyclinginternational.com/plastics/malaysia-to-ban-import-of-all-plastic-scrap-within-three-years/
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, C. W. 2006. “Unfair Trade: E-waste in Africa.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (4): a232–a5. doi:10.1289/ehp.114-a232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency OoLaEM, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery. 2018. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2015 Tables and Figures.
   Google Scholar
• UN International Trade Statistics Knowledgebase. 2016 “Re-exports and Re-imports.” https://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradekb/Knowledgebase/Reexports-and-Reimports
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Comtrade Database. 2019. [Internet]. https://comtrade.un.org/data/
   Google Scholar
• Velis, C. 2014. Global Recycling Markets–Plastic Waste: A Story for One Player – China. Vienna: International Solid Waste Assosiation.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., L. Zhao, M. K. Lim, W.-Q. Chen, and J. W. Sutherland. 2020. “Structure of the Global Plastic Waste Trade Network and the Impact of China’s Import Ban.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 153: 104591. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., J. Ge, W. Wei, H. Li, C. Wu, and G. Zhu. 2016. “Spatial Dynamics of the Communities and the Role of Major Countries in the International Rare Earths Trade: A Complex Network Analysis.” PloS One 11 (5): e0154575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, W., H. An, L. Shen, T. Dai, W. Fang, X. Gao, D. Dong, et al. 2017. “Global Pattern of the International Fossil Fuel Trade: The Evolution of Communities”. Energy 123: 260–270. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, W., H. An, X. Gao, and X. Sun. 2014. “The Evolution of Communities in the International Oil Trade Network.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 413: 42–52. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2014.06.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar