Crustal movement estimation based on an unchanged-feature points method using TerraSAR-X intensity images: application to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake

References

• Abe, S., N. Sarlis, E. S. Skordas, H. K. Tanaka, and P. A. Varotsos. 2005. “Origin of the Usefulness of the Natural-Time Representation of Complex Time Series.” Physical Review Letters 94: 17060. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.170601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arciniegas, G. A., W. Bijker, N. Kerle, and V. A. Tolpekin. 2007. “Coherence- and Amplitude-Based Analysis of Seismogenic Damage in Bam, Iran, Using ENVISAT ASAR Data.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45 (6): 1571–1581. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.883149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamler, R., and M. Eineder. 2005. “Accuracy of Differential Shift Estimation by Correlation and Split-Bandwidth Interferometry for Wideband and Delta-K SAR Systems.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 2 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2004.843203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breit, H., T. Fritz, U. Balss, M. Lachaise, A. Niedermeier, and M. Vonavka. 2010. “Terrasar-X SAR Processing and Products.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48 (2): 727–740. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2035497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett, P. T. B., and R. Guida. 2013. “Earthquake Damage Detection in Urban Areas Using Curvilinear Features.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 51 (9): 4877–4884. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2013.2271564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bürgmann, R., P. A. Rosen, and E. J. Fielding. 2000. “Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry to Measure Earth’s Surface Topography and Its Deformation.” Annual Reviews Earth Planet Sciences 28: 169–209. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casu, F., A. Manconi, A. Pepe, and R. Lanari. 2011. “Deformation Time Series Generation in Areas Characterized by Large Displacement Dynamics: The SAR Amplitude Pixel-Offset SBAS Technique.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49 (7): 2752–2763. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2104325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chini, M., S. Atzori, E. Trasatti, C. Bignami, C. Kyriakopoulos, C. Tolomei, and S. Stramondo. 2010. “The May 12, 2008, (Mw 7.9) Sichuan Earthquake (China): Multiframe ALOS-PALSAR Dinsar Analysis of Coseismic Deformation.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 7 (2): 266–270. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2009.2032564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chureesampant, K., and J. Susaki. 2014. “Automatic GCP Extraction of Fullypolarimetric SAR Images.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 52 (1): 137–148. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2012.2236890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crippen, R. E. 1992. “Measurement of Subresolution Terrain Displacements Using SPOT Panchromatic Imagery.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 15 (1): 56–61.
   Google Scholar
• De Zan, F. 2014. “Accuracy of Incoherent Speckle Tracking for Circular Gaussian Signals.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (1): 264–267. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2255259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker, R. J. 2011. “High-Resolution Radar Damage Assessment after the Earthquake in Haiti on 12 January 2010.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 4 (4): 960–970. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2011.2164516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Acqua, F., and P. Gamba. 2012. “Remote Sensing and Earthquake Damage Assessment: Experiences, Limits, and Perspectives.” Proceedings of the IEEE 100 (10): 2876–2890. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2012.2196404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eineder, M., T. Fritz, J. Mittermayer, A. Roth, E. Börner, and H. Breit. 2008. Terrasar-X Ground Segment Basic Product Specification Document, TX-GS-DD-3302, Issue 1.7: 31–32.
   Google Scholar
• Fialko, Y. 2004. “Probing the Mechanical Properties of Seismically Active Crust with Space Geodesy: Study of the Coseismic Deformation Due to the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers (Southern California) Earthquake.” Journal of Geophysical Research 109: B03307. doi:10.1029/2003JB002756.
   Google Scholar
• Fialko, Y., D. Sandwell, M. Simons, and P. Rosen. 2005. “Three-Dimensional Deformation Caused by the Bam, Iran, Earthquake and the Origin of Shallow Slip Deficit.” Nature 435: 295–299. doi:10.1038/nature03425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fialko, Y., M. Simons, and D. Agnew. 2001. “The Complete (3-D) Surface Displacement Field in the Epicentral Area of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine Earthquake, California, from Space Geodetic Observations.” Geophysical Research Letters 28 (16): 3063–3066. doi:10.1029/2001GL013174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding, E. J., M. Talebian, P. A. Rosen, H. Nazari, J. A. Jackson, M. Ghorashi, and R. Walker. 2005. “Surface Ruptures and Building Damage of the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake Mapped by Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometric Correlation.” Journal of Geophysical Research 110: B03302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giustarini, L., R. Hostache, P. Matgen, G. J.-P. Schumann, P. D. Bates, and D. C. Mason. 2013. “A Change Detection Approach to Flood Mapping in Urban Areas Using TerraSAR-X.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 51 (4): 2417–2430. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2012.2210901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, P. J., M. Chini, S. Stramondo, and J. Fernandez. 2010. “Coseismic Horizontal Offsets and Fault-Trace Mapping Using Phase Correlation of IRS Satellite Images: The 1999 Izmit (Turkey) Earthquake.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48 (5): 2242–2250. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2039352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keren, D., S. Peleg, and R. Brada. 1988. “Image Sequence Enhancement Using Sub-Pixel Displacements.” Proceedings CVPR ‘88, Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Ann Arbor, MI, June 5–9, 742–746. IEEE. doi:10.1109/CVPR.1988.196317.
   Google Scholar
• Leprince, S., S. Barbot, F. Ayoub, and J.-P. Avouac. 2007. “Automatic and Precise Orthorectification, Coregistration, and Subpixel Correlation of Satellite Images, Application to Ground Deformation Measurements.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45 (6): 1529–1558. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.888937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., H. Guo, L. Zhang, X. Chen, and L. Liang. 2012. “A New Approach to Collapsed Building Extraction Using RADARSAT-2 Polarimetric SAR Imagery.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 9 (4): 677–681. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2011.2178392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., and F. Yamazaki. 2013. “Detection of Crustal Movement from TerraSAR-X Intensity Images for the 2011 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 10 (1): 199–203. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2012.2199076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, D. G. 2004. “Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints.” International Journal of Computer Vision 60 (2): 91–110. doi:10.1023/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino, G. D., A. Iodice, D. Riccio, and G. Ruello. 2007. “A Novel Approach for Disaster Monitoring: Fractal Models and Tools.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45 (6): 1559–1570. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.887024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, D. C., R. Speck, B. Devereux, G. J.-P. Schumann, J. C. Neal, and P. D. Bates. 2010. “Flood Detection in Urban Areas Using TerraSAR-X.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48 (2): 882–894. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2009.2029236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massonnet, D., M. Rossi, C. Carmona, F. Adragna, G. Peltzer, K. Feigl, and T. Rabaute. 1993. “The Displacement Field of the Landers Earthquake Mapped by Radar Interferometry.” Nature 364: 138–142. doi:10.1038/364138a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, R., J.-P. Avouac, and J. Taboury. 1999. “Measuring Ground Displacements from SAR Amplitude Images: Application to the Landers Earthquake.” Geophysical Research Letters 26 (7): 875–878. doi:10.1029/1999GL900138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer, G., F. Crampe, and G. King. 1999. “Evidence of Nonlinear Elasticity of the Crust from the Mw7.6 Manyi (Tibet) Earthquake.” Science 286: 272–276. doi:10.1126/science.286.5438.272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer, G., and P. Rosen. 1995. “Surface Displacement of the 17 May 1993 Eureka Valley, California, Earthquake Observed by SAR Interferometry.” Science 268 (5215): 1333–1336. doi:10.1126/science.268.5215.1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandwell, D. T., L. Sichoix, and B. Smith. 2002. “The 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake, Southern California: Vector Near-Field Displacements from ERS InSAR.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 (4): 1341–1345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarlis, N. V., E. S. Skordas, M. S. Lazaridou, and P. A. Varotsos. 2008. “Investigation of Seismicity after the Initiation of a Seismic Electric Signal Activity until the Main Shock.” Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 84: 331–343. doi:10.2183/pjab.84.331.
   Google Scholar
• Sarlis, N. V., E. S. Skordas, P. A. Varotsos, T. Nagao, M. Kamogawa, H. Tanaka, and S. Uyeda. 2013. “Minimum of the Order Parameter Fluctuations of Seismicity before Major Earthquakes in Japan.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 13734–13738. doi:10.1073/pnas.1312740110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skordas, E. S., and N. V. Sarlis. 2014. “On the Anomalous Changes of Seismicity and Geomagnetic Field Prior to the 2011 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake.” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 80: 161–164. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.11.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stramondo, S. 2013. “The Tohoku–Oki Earthquake: A Summary of Scientific Outcomes from Remote Sensing.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 10 (4): 895–897. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2240651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stramondo, S., F. R. Cinti, M. Dragoni, S. Salvi, and S. Santini. 2002. “The August 17, 1999 Izmit, Turkey, Earthquake: Slip Distribution from Dislocation Modeling of Dinsar and Surface Offset.” Annals of Geophysics 45 (3/4): 527–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobita, M., H. Suito, T. Imakiire, M. Kato, S. Fujiwara, and M. Murakami. 2006. “Outline of Vertical Displacement of the 2004 and 2005 Sumatra Earthquakes Revealed by Satellite Radar Imagery.” Earth Planets and Space 58 (1): e1–e4. doi:10.1186/BF03351906.
   Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P., K. Alexopoulos, and M. Lazaridou. 1993. “Latest Aspects of Earthquake Prediction in Greece Based on Seismic Electric Signals.” Tectonophysics 224 (1–3): 1–37. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90055-O.
   Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P., K. Eftaxias, M. Lazaridou, G. Antonopoulos, J. Makris, and J. Poliyiannakis. 1996. “Summary of the Five Principles Suggested by Varotsos et al. [1996] and the Additional Questions Raised in This Debate.” Geophysical Research Letters 23: 1449–1452. doi:10.1029/96GL01437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P., K. Eftaxias, F. Vallianatos, and M. Lazaridou. 1996. “Basic Principles for Evaluating an Earthquake Prediction Method.” Geophysical Research Letters 23: 1295–1298. doi:10.1029/96GL00905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P., N. Sarlis, and E. Skordas. 2011. “Scale-Specific Order Parameter Fluctuations of Seismicity in Natural Time before Mainshocks.” EPL (Europhysics Letters) 96: 59002. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/96/59002.
   Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P., N. Sarlis, and E. Skordas. 2012. “Scale-Specific Order Parameter Fluctuations of Seismicity before Mainshocks: Natural Time and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis.” EPL (Europhysics Letters) 99: 59001. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/99/59001.
   Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P. A., K. Alexopoulos, K. Nomicos, and M. Lazaridou. 1988. “Official Earthquake Prediction Procedure in Greece.” Tectonophysics 152: 193–196. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(88)90045-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P. A., and M. Lazaridou. 1991. “Latest Aspects of Earthquake Prediction in Greece Based on Seismic Electric Signals.” Tectonophysics 188: 321–347. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90462-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P. A., N. Sarlis, and E. S. Skordas. 2002. “Long-Range Correlations in the Electric Signals that Precede Rupture.” Physical Review E 66: 011902. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P. A., N. V. Sarlis, and E. S. Skordas. 2001. “Spatio-Temporal Complexity Aspects on the Interrelation between Seismic Electric Signals and Seismicity.” Practica of Athens Academy 76: 294–321.
   Google Scholar
• Varotsos, P. A., N. V. Sarlis, E. S. Skordas, and M. S. Lazaridou. 2013. “Seismic Electric Signals: An Additional Fact Showing Their Physical Interconnection with Seismicity.” Tectonophysics 589: 116–125. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wermuth, M., A. Hauschild, O. Montenbruck, and A. Jäggi. 2009. “Terrasar-X Rapid and Precise Orbit Determination.” Proceeding of 21st International Symposium On Space Flight Dynamics, Toulouse, September 28–October 2.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, G., P. Han, Q. Huang, K. Hattori, F. Febriani, and H. Yamaguchi. 2013. “Anomalous Behaviors of Geomagnetic Diurnal Variations Prior to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake (Mw 9.0).” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 77: 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.08.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yague-Martinez, N., M. Eineder, X. Y. Cong, and C. Minet. 2012. “Ground Displacement Measurement by TerraSAR-X Image Correlation: The 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 9 (4): 539–543. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2012.2196020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebker, H. A. 2000. “Studying the Earth with Interferometric Radar.” Computing in Science & Engineering 2 (3): 52–60. doi:10.1109/5992.841796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar