Attitudes Toward Cognitive Enhancement in Users and Nonusers of Stimulants for Cognitive Enhancement: A Pilot Study

REFERENCES

• Babcock , Q. and Byrne , T. 2000 . Student perceptions of methylphenidate abuse at a public liberal arts college . Journal of American College Health , 49 ( 3 ) : 143 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , S. P. , Darredeau , C. , Bordy , L. E. and Pihl , R. O. 2005 . Characteristics of methylphenidate misuse in a university student sample . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 50 ( 8 ) : 457 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäumler , G. 1975 . Effects of psychoactive drugs on achievement motivation: I. The 4 main variables derived from TAT protocols . Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bright , G. M. 2008 . Abuse of medications employed for the treatment of ADHD: Results from a large-scale community survey . Medscape General Medicine , 10 ( 5 ) : 111
   Google Scholar
• Brunstein , J. C. and Heckhausen , H. 2008 . “ Achievement motivation ” . In Motivation and action , Edited by: Heckhausen , H. and Heckhausen , J. 50 – 56 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• DAK . 2009 . Gesundheitsreport 2009. Analyse der Arbeitsunfähigkeitsdaten. Schwerpunktthema Doping am Arbeitsplatz , Berlin : IGES Institut GmbH .
   Google Scholar
• Farah , M. J. 2002 . Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience . Nature Neuroscience , 5 ( 11 ) : 1123 – 1129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah , M. J. , Illes , J. Cook-Deegan , R. 2004 . NeuroCE: What can we do and what should we do? . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 5 ( 5 ) : 421 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke , A. G. , Bonertz , C. Christmann , M. 2011 . Non-medical use of prescription stimulants and illicit use of stimulants for CE in pupils and students in Germany . Pharmacopsychiatry , 44 ( 2 ) : 60 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke , A. G. and Lieb , K. 2010 . [Pharmacological neuroenhancement and brain doping: Chances and risks.] . Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz , 53 ( 8 ) : 853 – 859 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles , J. 2005 . Alertness drug arouses fears about ‘lifestyle’ misuse . Nature , 436 ( 7054 ) : 1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greely , H. , Sahakian , B. Harris , J. 2008 . Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy . Nature , 456 ( 7223 ) : 702 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve , W. , Anderson , A. and Krampen , G. 2001 . Self-efficacy and externality in adolescence: Theoretical conceptions and measurement in New Zealand and German secondary school students . Identity—International Journal of Theory and Research , 1 ( 4 ) : 321 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , J. L. , Stanton , S. J. and Schultheiss , O. C. 2010 . “ Biopsychological and neural processes of implicit motivation ” . In Implicit motives , Edited by: Schultheiss , O. C. and Brunstein , J. C. 279 – 307 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , K. M. , Irwin , M. M. , Bowman , K. A. , Frankenberger , W. and Jewett , D. C. 2005 . Illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication among college students . Journal of American College Health , 53 ( 4 ) : 167 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krampen , G. 1991 . Inventory for the measurement of self-efficacy and externality , Göttingen : Hogrefe .
   Google Scholar
• Kroutil , L. A. , Van Brunt , D. L. Herman-Stahl , M. A. 2006 . Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in the United States . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 84 ( 2 ) : 135 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher , B. 2008 . Poll results: Look who's doping . Nature , 452 ( 7188 ) : 674 – 675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe , S. E. , Knight , J. R. , Teter , C. J. and Wechsler , H. 2005 . Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey . Addiction , 100 ( 1 ) : 96 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe , S. E. , Teter , C. J. and Boyd , C. J. 2004 . The use, misuse and diversion of prescription stimulants among middle and high school students . Substance Use and Misuse , 39 ( 7 ) : 1095 – 1116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe , S. E. , Teter , C. J. and Boyd , C. J. 2006 . Medical use, illicit use and diversion of prescription stimulant medication . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 38 ( 1 ) : 43 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin , C. 2007 . From attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to medical stimulant use to the diversion of prescribed stimulants to non-medical stimulant use: Connecting the dots . Addiction , 102 ( 5 ) : 740 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiner , D. L. , Anastopoulos , A. D. , Costello , E. J. , Hoyle , R. H. , McCabe , S. E. and Swartzwelder , H. S. 2009 . The misuse and diversion of prescribed ADHD medications by college students . Journal of Attention Disorders , 13 ( 2 ) : 144 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine , E. and Forlini , C. 2009 . Expectations regarding CE create substantial challenges . Journal of Medical Ethics , 35 ( 8 ) : 469 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakian , B. and Morein-Zamir , S. 2007 . Professor's little helper . Nature , 450 ( 7173 ) : 1157 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teter , C. J. , McCabe , S. E. , Boyd , C. J. and Guthrie , S. K. 2003 . Illicit methylphenidate use in an undergraduate student sample: Prevalence and risk factors . Pharmacotherapy , 23 ( 5 ) : 609 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teter , C. J. , McCabe , S. E. , Cranford , J. A. , Boyd , C. J. and Guthrie , S. K. 2005 . Prevalence and motives for illicit use of prescription stimulants in an undergraduate student sample . Journal of American College Health , 53 ( 6 ) : 253 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teter , C. J. , McCabe , S. E. , LaGrange , K. , Cranford , J. A. and Boyd , C. J. 2006 . Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: Prevalence, motives, and routes of administration . Pharmacotherapy , 26 ( 10 ) : 1501 – 1510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , B. P. , Becker-Blease , K. A. and Grace-Bishop , K. 2006 . Stimulant medication use, misuse, and abuse in an undergraduate and graduate student sample . Journal of American College Health , 54 ( 5 ) : 261 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley , B. E Jr. 1998 . Factors associated with cheating among college students . Research in Higher Education , 39 ( 3 ) : 235 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens , T. E. , Adler , L. A. Adams , J. 2008 . Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 47 ( 1 ) : 21 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , L. T. and Schlenger , W. E. 2003 . Psychostimulant dependence in a community sample . Substance Use and Misuse , 38 ( 2 ) : 221 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar