Exploring the Ethics of Observational Research: The Case of an HIV Study in Tanzania

REFERENCES

• Benatar , S. 2001 . Distributive justice and clinical trials in the third world . Theoretical Medicine , 22 : 169 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Biehl , J. , Coutinho , D. and Outeiro , A. 2001 . Technology and affect: HIV/AIDS testing in Brazil . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 25 ( 1 ) : 87 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , D. , Khoshnood , K. , Stopka , T. , Shaw , S. , Santelices , C. and Singer , M. 2002 . Ethical dilemmas created by criminalization of status behaviors: Case examples from ethnographic field research with injection drug users . Health Education and Behavior , : 29 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences . 1991 . International guidelines for the ethical review of epidemiological studies , Geneva , , Switzerland : CIOMS .
   Google Scholar
• Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences in collaboration with the World Health Organization . 2002 . International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects , Geneva , , Switzerland : CIOMS and WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Emanuel , E. , Wendler , D. and Grady , C. 2000 . What makes clinical research ethical? . Journal of the American Medical Association , 283 ( 20 ) : 2701 – 2711 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English , A. 1991 . Runaway and street youth at risk for HIV infection: Legal and ethical issues in access to care . Journal of Adolescent Health , 12 ( 7 ) : 504 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essack , Z. , Koen , J. Barsdorf , N. 2010 . Stakeholder perspectives on ethical challenges in HIV vaccine trials in South Africa . Developing World Bioethics , 10 ( 1 ) : 11 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , S. 2003 . Unique risks to volunteers in HIV vaccine trials . Journal of Investigative Medicine , 51 ( suppl. 1 ) : S18 – S20 .
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , B. and Strauss , A. 1967 . The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research , Chicago , IL : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Grusky , O. , Roberts , K. Swanson , A. 2005 . Anonymous versus confidential HIV testing: Client and provider decision making under uncertainty . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 19 ( 3 ) : 157 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenter , D. , Esparza , J. and Macklin , R. 2000 . Ethical considerations in international HIV vaccine trials: Summary of a consultative process conducted by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) . Journal of Medical Ethics , 26 ( 1 ) : 37 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , W. and Siegel , L. 1987 . Should there be HIV testing in chemical dependency treatment programs? . Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse , 7 ( 2 ) : 15 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Hellsten , S. 2005 . Bioethics in Tanzania: Legal and ethical concerns in medical care and research in relation to the HIV/AIDS epidemic . Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , 14 : 256 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern , S. 2005 . HIV testing without consent in critically ill patients . Journal of the American Medical Association , 294 ( 6 ) : 734 – 737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krajeski , J. 1990 . Legal, ethical, and public policy issues . New Directions for Mental Health Services , 48 : 97 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , R. and Gorovitz , S. , eds. 2000 . Biomedical research ethics: Updating international guidelines. A consultation Geneva , , Switzerland: CIOMS
   Google Scholar
• Lo , B. , Padian , N. and Barnes , M. 2007 . The obligation to provide anti-retroviral treatment in HIV prevention trials . AIDS , 21 : 1229 – 1231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macklin , R. 2006 . Changing the presumption: Providing ART to vaccine research participants . American Journal of Bioethics , 6 ( 1 ) : W1 – W5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , P. 2006 . Ethical challenges in study design and informed consent for health research in resource-poor settings Geneva , , Switzerland: WHO Special Topics in Social, Economic and Behavioural Research report series, No. 5
   Google Scholar
• Mfutso-Bengo , J. and Muula , A. 2003 . Ethical issues in voluntary HIV testing in a high-prevalence area: the case of Malawi . South African Medical Journal , 93 ( 3 ) : 194 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Bioethics Advisory Commission . 2001 . Ethical and policy issues in international research: clinical trials in developing countries. Vol 1. Report and recommendations , Bethesda , MD : National Bioethics Advisory Commission .
   Google Scholar
• National Bioethics Advisory Commission . 2001 . Ethical and policy issues in international research: clinical trials in developing countries. Vol 2. Commissioned papers and staff analysis , Bethesda , MD : National Bioethics Advisory Commission .
   Google Scholar
• National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . 1979 . The Belmont report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research , Washington , DC : Office of the Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , A. , Kitali , A. and Worby , E. 2009 . Alcohol and transactional sex: How risky is the mix? . Social Science and Medicine , 69 : 1167 – 1176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , A. 2006 . Sex and society: Determinants of prevalent HIV, syphilis and HSV-2 among Tanzanian sugar plantation residents , New Haven , CT : Doctoral dissertation, Yale University .
   Google Scholar
• Piot , P. 1990 . “ Screening and case finding in the prevention and control of STDs and HIV infection ” . In Promoting safer sex: Prevention of sexual transmission of AIDS and other STDs , Edited by: Paalman , M. 93 – 103 . Lisse , , Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• Ryder , K. , Haubrich , D. , Calla , D. , Myers , T. , Burchell , A. and Calzavara , L. 2005 . Psychosocial impact of repeat HIV-negative testing: A follow-up study . AIDS Behavior , 19 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Schüklenk , U. and Ashcroft , R. 2000 . International research ethics . Bioethics , 14 : 158 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar , A. , Pisal , H. Patil , O. 2003 . Women's acceptability and husband's support of rapid HIV testing of pregnant women in India . AIDS Care , 15 ( 6 ) : 871 – 874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr , L. , Bergenstrom , A. and Hudson , C. 2000 . Consent and antenatal HIV testing: The limits of choice and issues of consent in HIV and AIDS . AIDS Care , 12 ( 3 ) : 307 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Should developing countries be testing grounds for vaccines rejected by the USA? . 1994 . AIDS Analysis Africa , 4 ( 4 ) : 2
   Google Scholar
• Siegal , H. , Carlson , R. Falck , R. Conducting HIV outreach and research among incarcerated drug abusers: A case study of ethical concerns and dilemmas . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 10 ( 1 ) 2993 – 75 . 71
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1990 . Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Temmerman , M. , Ndinya-Achola , J. , Ambani , J. and Piot , P. 1995 . The right not to know HIV-test results . Lancet , 345 ( 8955 ) : 969 – 970 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom , R. 2003 . HIV/AIDS and mental illness: Ethical and medico-legal issues for psychiatric services . South African Psychiatry Review , 6 ( 3 ) : 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Uganda gets set for vaccine trials, but the ethical debate continues . 1997 . AIDS Analysis Africa , 7 ( 2 ) : 1
   Google Scholar
• Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group . 2000 . Efficacy of voluntary HIV-1 counseling and testing in individuals and couples in Kenya, Tanzania, and Trinidad: A randomised trial . Lancet , 356 ( 9224 ) : 103 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Medical Association . 1996 . Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects . British Medical Journal , 313 ( 7070 ) : 1448 – 1449 .
   Google Scholar
• Worthington , C. and Myers , T. 2003 . Factors underlying anxiety in HIV testing: Risk perceptions, stigma, and the patient-provider power dynamic . Qualitative Health Research , 13 ( 5 ) : 636 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar