Ethical and Legal Concerns Associated With the Comprehension of Legal Language and Concepts

REFERENCES

• Adolphs, R. 2009. The social brain: Neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology 60:693–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Bar Association, Center for Professional Responsibility. 2014. Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Chicago, IL: ABA Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Archibald, L. M., T. Levee, and T. Olino. 2015. Attention allocation: Relationships to general working memory or specific language processing. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 139:83–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, E., and A. Ferguson. 2010. Language, meaning, context, and functional communication. Aphasiology 24(4):480–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer, J. S., and K. N. Ochsner. 2006. Social cognition: A multi level analysis. Brain Research 1079(1):98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bott, L., and I. A. Noveck. 2004. Some utterances are underinformative: The onset and time course of scalar inferences. Journal of Memory and Language 51(3):437–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady v. United States. 1970. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1970).
   Google Scholar
• Breheny, R., N. Katsos, and J. Williams. 2006. Are generalised scalar implicatures generated by default? An on-line investigation into the role of context in generating pragmatic inferences. Cognition 100(3):434–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burin, D. I., L. Acion, J. Kurczek, M. C. Duff, D. Tranel, and R. E. Jorge. 2014. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in text comprehension inferences: Semantic coherence or socio-emotional perspective? Brain and Language 129:58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, E., E. Gibson, and F. Wolf. 2005. Online syntactic storage costs in sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 52(1):144–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constable, R. T., K. R. Pugh, E. Berroya, W. E. Mencl, M. Westerveld, W. Ni, and D. Shankweiler. 2004. Sentence complexity and input modality effects in sentence comprehension: An FMRI study. Neuroimage 22(1):11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, V. G., and P. A. Zapf. 2008. Psychiatric patients' comprehension of miranda rights. Law and Human Behavior 32:390–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper v. Oklahoma. 1996. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1996).
   Google Scholar
• Dusky v. United States. 1960. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1960).
   Google Scholar
• European Union. 2000. Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Communities 2000/C 364/01.
   Google Scholar
• Farrer, T. J., and D. W. Hedges. 2011. Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in incarcerated groups compared to the general population: A meta-analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 35(2):390–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel, S., P. Lichtenstein, M. Grann, and N. Langstrom. 2011. Risk of violent crime in individuals with epilepsy and traumatic brain injury: A 35-year Swedish population study. PLOS Medicine 8(12):e1001150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel, S., and K. Seewald. 2012. Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 200(5):364–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferstl, E. C., M. Rinck, and D. Y. von Cramon. 2005. Emotional and temporal aspects of situation model processing during text comprehension: An event-related FMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17(5):724–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friese, U., R. Rutschmann, M. Raabe, and F. Schmalhofer. 2008. Neural indicators of inference processes in text comprehension: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20(11):2110–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godinez v. Moran. 1993. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1993).
   Google Scholar
• Guan, C. Q., W. Meng, R. Yao, and A. M. Glenberg. 2013. The motor system contributes to comprehension of abstract language. PLoS One 8(9):e75183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms, J. 2007. Analysis of the components of the miranda warning. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 7(3):59–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, P., E. Jefferies, S. Ehsan, R. W. Jones, and M. A. Lambon Ralph. 2012. How does linguistic knowledge contribute to short-term memory? Contrasting effects of impaired semantic knowledge and executive control. Aphasiology 26(3–4):383–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyter, Y. D. 2014. A conceptual framework for responsive global engagement in communication sciences and disorders. Topics in Language Disorders 34(2):103–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• In re Estate of Laubenheimer. 2013. (Wisconsin Supreme Court, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• In re Guardianship of O'Brien. 2014. (Minnesota Supreme Court, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. L., M. A. Lambon Ralph, and G. Pobric. 2015. The timing of anterior temporal lobe involvement in semantic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27(7):1388–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. E., and L. S. Turkstra. 2012. Inference in conversation of adults with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 26(9):1118–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keitel, C., E. Schroger, K. Saupe, and M. M. Muller. 2011. Sustained selective intermodal attention modulates processing of language-like stimuli. Experimental Brain Research 213(2–3):321–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendeou, P., E. R. Smith, and E. J. O'Brien. 2013. Updating during reading comprehension: Why causality matters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39(3):854–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W. 1988. The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review 95(2):163–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch, W., D. Welsch, F. Schmalhofer, and S. Zimny. 1990. Sentence memory: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Memory and Language 29:133–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVigne, M., and G. J. Van Rybroek. 2011. Breakdown in the language zone: The prevalence of language impairments among juvenile and adult offenders and why it matters. UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy 15(1):37–124.
   Google Scholar
• LaVigne, M., and G. J. Van Rybroek. 2014. ‘He got in my face so I shot him’: How defendants' language impairments impair attorney–client relationships. CUNY Law Review 17:69–121.
   Google Scholar
• Loiselle, M., I. Rouleau, D. K. Nguyen, F. Dubeau, J. Macoir, C. Whatmough, F. Lepore, and S. Joubert. 2012. Comprehension of concrete and abstract words in patients with selective anterior temporal lobe resection and in patients with selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy. Neuropsychologia 50(5):630–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucassen, P. J., and C. A. Oomen. 2016. Stress, hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition: Functional correlations. Frontiers in Biology 11(3):182–92.
   Google Scholar
• Lupien, S. J., F. Maheu, M. Tu, A. Fiocco, and T. E. Schramek. 2007. The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition. Brain and Cognition 65(3):209–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElree, B., S. Foraker, and L. Dyer. 2003. Memory structures that subserve sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 48:67–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKoon, G., and R. Ratcliff. 1992. Inference during reading. Psychological Review 99(4):440–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKoon, G., and R. Ratcliff. 2007. Interactions of meaning and syntax: Implications for models of sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 56(2):270–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, D. S., and J. Magliano. 2009. Toward a comprehensive model of comprehension. Psychology of Learning and Motivation 51:297–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam, M. 2002. The human frontal lobes: Transcending the default mode through contingent encoding. In Principles of frontal lobe function, ed. D. Stuss and R. Knight, 8–30. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miranda v. Arizona. 1966. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1966).
   Google Scholar
• Moran, C., and G. Gillon. 2005. Inference comprehension of adolescents with traumatic brain injury: A working memory hypothesis. Brain Injury 19(10):743–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Conference of Commissioners of on Uniform State Laws. 2010. Uniform Probate Code. Chicago, IL: Uniform Law Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Noveck, I. A. 2001. When children are more logical than adults: Experimental investigations of scalar implicature. Cognition 78:165–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, E. J., A. E. Cook, and S. Gueraud. 2010. Accessibility of outdated information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 36(4):979–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla v. Kentucky. 2010. (U.S. Supreme Court, 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K., V. Time, and R. R. Gainey. 2006. Police chiefs' and students' attitudes about the miranda warnings. Journal of Criminal Justice 34(6):653–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, A., K. Cain, M. C. Castellanos, and T. Bajo. 2015. Inferential revision in narrative texts: An ERP study. Memory & Cognition 43(8):1105–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijnacker, J., P. Hagoort, J. Buitelaar, J. P. Teunisse, and B. Geurts. 2009. Pragmatic inferences in high-functioning adults with autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39(4):607–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers, C., R. Bencic, W. S. Horton, and M. Beeman. 2012. Hemispheric inference priming during comprehension of conversations and narratives. Neuropsychologia 50(11):2577–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radvansky, G. A., and D. E. Copeland. 2001. Working memory and situation model updating. Memory & Cognition 29(8):1073–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp, D. N., and P. Kendeou. 2007. Revising what readers know: Updating text representations during narrative comprehension. Memory & Cognition 35(8):2019–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp, D. N., and P. Kendeou. 2009. Noticing and revising discrepancies as texts unfold. Discourse Processes 46(1):1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., H. L. Blackwood, C. E. Fiduccia, J. A. Steadham, E. Y. Drogin, and J. E. Rogstad. 2012. Juvenile Miranda warnings: Perfunctory rituals or procedural safeguards? Criminal Justice and Behavior 39(3):229–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., C. E. Fiduccia, E. Y. Drogin, J. A. Steadham, J. W. Clark III, and R. J. Cramer. 2013. General knowledge and misknowledge of Miranda rights: Are effective Miranda advisements still necessary? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 19:432–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., L. L. Hazelwood, K. W. Sewell, D. W. Shuman, and H. L. Blackwood. 2008. The comprehensibility and content of juvenile Miranda warnings. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 14(1):63–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rost, G. C., and K. K. McGregor. 2012. Miranda rights comprehension in yough adults with specific language impairment. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 21:101–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, M. 2013. Validation in reading comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science 22(5):361–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow, P. C., and M. B. Powell. 2011. Oral language competence in incarcerated young offenders: Links with offending severity. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 13(6):480–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow, P. C., M. B. Powell, and D. D. Sanger. 2012. Oral language competence, young speakers, and the law. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 43:496–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinney, D. A., and L. Osterhout. 1990. Inference generation during auditory language comprehension. In Inferences and text comprehension, ed. A. C. Graesser and G. H. Bower, 17–32. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• The United Nations General Assembly. 1966. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Treaty Series 999 (December): 171.
   Google Scholar
• Vigliocco, G., S. T. Kousta, P. A. Della Rosa, et al. 2014. The neural representation of abstract words: The role of emotion. Cerebral Cortex 24(7):1767–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtue, S., P. van den Broek, and T. Linderholm. 2006. Hemispheric processing of inferences: The effects of textual constraint and working memory capacity. Memory & Cognition 34(6):1341–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagoner, S. A. 1983. Comprehension monitoring: What is it and what we know about it. Reading Research Quarterly 18(3):328–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, W. H., G. Cordan, A. J. Mewse, J. Tonks, and C. N. Burgess. 2010. Self-reported traumatic brain injury in male young offenders: A risk factor for re-offending, poor mental health and violence? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 20(6):801–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. 1989. On the boundaries of conversation. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., W. K. Simmons, A. Martin, and L. W. Barsalou. 2013. Contextual processing of abstract concepts reveals neural representations of nonlinguistic semantic content. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25(6):920–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Statues. 2015–2016. Chapter 853.01 (2015–2016).
   Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Statutes. 2015–2016. Chapter 767.34 (2015–2016).
   Google Scholar
• Wszalek, J. A. 2015. Soziale kompetenz: A comparative examination of the social-cognitive processes that underlie legal definitions of mental competency in the United States, German, and Japan. Fordham International Law Journal 29:102–32.
   Google Scholar
• Wszalek, J. A., and L. S. Turkstra. 2015. Language impairments in youths with traumatic brain injury: Implications for participation in criminal proceedings. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 30(2):86–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaan, R. A., and G. A. Radvansky. 1998. Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin 123(2):162–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar