Racial Injustice and Neuroethics: Time for Action

REFERENCES

• Abiodun, S. 2019. "Seeing color," a discussion of the implications and applications of race in the field of neuroscience. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13: 280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethesda, M. D. NINDS, National Institutes of Health. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/NINDS_diversity_report_508C.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Branson, S. 2017. Phrenology and the science of race in antebellum America. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 15(1): 164–193.
   Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. 2012. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health 102(7): 1267–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, O. R. 2007. Why bioethics cannot figure out what to do with race. The American Journal of Bioethics 7(2): 6–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbado, D. W., and L. S. Richardson. 2017. The Black police: Policing our own. Harvard Law Review 131: 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Chalfin, M. C., E. R. Murphy, and K. A. Karkazis. 2008. Women's neuroethics? Why sex matters for neuroethics. The American Journal of Bioethics 8(1): 1–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiong, W. 2020. Insiders and outsiders: Lessons for neuroethics from the history of bioethics. AJOB Neuroscience 11(3): 155–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, J. D. 2016. The importance of teaching neuroscience research at historically Black colleges and universities. Journal of College Science Teaching 46(1): 8.
   Google Scholar
• Dubow, S. 1995. Scientific racism in modern South Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dula, A. 1991. Toward an African-American perspective on bioethics. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2(2): 259–269.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dula, A. 2007. Yes, there are African American perspectives on bioethics. In Bioethics: An Introduction to the History, Methods, and Practice, N. S. Jecker and A. R. Jonsen, eds., 252–258. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
   Google Scholar
• Dussauge, I., and A. Kaiser. 2012. Neuroscience and sex/gender. Neuroethics 5(3): 211–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahany, N., and K. Ramos. 2020. Neuroethics: Fostering collaborations to enable neuroscientific discovery. AJOB Neuroscience 11(3): XX–XX.
   Google Scholar
• Goering, S., and E. Klein. 2020. Fostering Neuroethics Integration with Neuroscience in the BRAIN Initiative: Comments on the NIH Neuroethics Roadmap. AJOB Neuroscience 11(3): XX–XX.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, Z. W. 2014. Achieving a diverse neuroscience workforce. Bethesda, MD: NINDS, National Institutes of Health. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/NINDS_diversity_report_508C.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hoberman, J. 2016. Why bioethics has a race problem. The Hastings Center Report 46(2): 12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, K. F. 2011. Private bodies, public texts: Race, gender, and a cultural bioethics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., N. Daniels, and D. E. Robinson. 2005. Health disparities by race and class: Why both matter. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 24(2): 343–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y. H., and C. Grady. 2020. Ethics in the time of COVID: What remains the same and what is different. Neurology. Online Ahead of Print 94(23): 1007–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lázaro-Muñoz, G., D. Yoshor, M. S. Beauchamp, W. K. Goodman, and A. L. McGuire. 2018. Continued access to investigational brain implants. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 19(6): 317–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, I. F. H. 1994. The social construction of race: Some observations on illusion, fabrication, and choice. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 29: 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, B. J. 1973. New threat to Blacks: Brain surgery to control behavior. Ebony 28(4): 62–72.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, A. 2002. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Journal of the National Medical Association 94(8): 666–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea, J. F. 1998. The Black/White binary paradigm of race: The normal science of American racial thought. La Raza Law Journal 10: 127.
   Google Scholar
• Phelan, J. C., and B. G. Link. 2015. Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health? Annual Review of Sociology 41(1): 311–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poskett, J. 2019. Materials of the mind: Phrenology, race, and the global history of science, 1815-1920. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prograis Jr., L. J., and E. D. Pellegrino, eds. 2010. African American bioethics: Culture, race, and identity. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, D. 2012. Neuroethics, gender and the response to difference. Neuroethics 5(3): 217–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, A., and J. Savulescu. 2011. The social and economic impacts of cognitive enhancement. In Enhancing Human Capacities, J. Savulescu, R. ter Meulen, and G. Kahane, 92–112. Oxford, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Schnittker, J., M. Massoglia, and C. Uggen. 2011. Incarceration and the health of the African American community. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8(1): 133–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, F. X. 2019. Is there an ethical duty to report the socioeconomic status of research participants in human neuroscience research? Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Smedley, A., and B. D. Smedley. 2005. Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. The American Psychologist 60(1): 16–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spohn, C. 2017. Race and sentencing disparity. Reforming Criminal Justice: A Report of the Academy for Justice on Bridging the Gap between Scholarship and Reform 4: 169–186.
   Google Scholar
• Tonry, M. H. 2011. Punishing race: A continuing American dilemma. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Veit, W. 2018. Cognitive enhancement and the threat of inequality. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement 2(4): 404–410.
   Google Scholar
• Viruell-Fuentes, E. A., P. Y. Miranda, and S. Abdulrahim. 2012. More than culture: structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health. Social Science and Medicine (1982) 75(12): 2099–2106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S., C. Spohn, and M. DeLone. 2012. The color of justice: Race, ethnicity, and crime in America. Cengage Learning,
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. E. 2015. Talking about race without talking about race: Color blindness in genomics. American Behavioral Scientist 59(11): 1496–1517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar