14,630
Views
54
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The Niger Delta wetlands: threats to ecosystem services, their importance to dependent communities and possible management measures

&
Pages 50-68 | Published online: 04 Aug 2011

References

  • Abam , T and Okogbue , C. 1993 . Utilization of marginal lands for construction in the Niger Delta . Bull Eng Geol Environ. , 48 : 5 – 14 .
  • Abam , TKS. 1999 . Impact of dams on the hydrology of the Niger Delta . Bull Eng Geol Environ. , 57 : 239 – 251 .
  • Abam , TKS. 2001 . Regional hydrological research perspectives in the Niger Delta . Hydrol Sci. , 46 : 13 – 25 .
  • Abu , GO and Dike , PO. 2008 . A study of natural attenuation processes involved in a microcosm model of a crude oil-impacted wetland sediment in the Niger Delta . Biores Technol. , 99 : 4761 – 4767 .
  • Acharya , G and Barbier , EB. 2000 . Valuing groundwater recharge through agricultural production in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in northern Nigeria . Agric Econ. , 22 : 247 – 259 .
  • Adams , WM. 1993 . Indigenous use of wetlands and sustainable development in West Africa . Geogr J. , 159 : 209 – 218 .
  • Adekola , O , Morardet , S , de Groot , RS and Grelot , F. Economic value of provisioning services and livelihood dependence on the Ga-Mampa wetland, South Africa . Paper presented at: Proceedings of the 13th IWRA World Water Congress Montpellier . Sep 1–4 2008 , France.
  • Agbogidi , OM and Ofuoku , AU. 2006 . Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria . Agric Conspect Sci. , 71 : 103 – 110 .
  • Agyemang , I , McDonald , A and Carver , S. 2007 . Application of the DPSIR framework to environmental degradation assessment in northern Ghana . Nat Resour Forum. , 31 : 212 – 225 .
  • Ahonsi , B. 1988 . Deliberate falsification and census data in Nigeria . Afr Aff (Lond). , 87 : 553 – 562 .
  • Ainodion , MJ , Robnet , CR and Ajose , TI. Mangrove restoration by an operating company in the Niger Delta . Paper presented at: International Conference on Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Production . Mar 20–22 2002 , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
  • Ajao , EA and Anurigwo , S. 2002 . Land-based sources of pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria . Ambio. , 31 : 442 – 445 .
  • Ajonina , G , Diamé , A and Kairo , J. 2008 . Current status and conservation of mangroves in Africa: an overview . World Rainforest Mov Bull [Internet]. [cited 2010 Aug 13]; 133. Available from: http://wrmbulletin.wordpress.com/2008/08/25/current-status-and-conservation-of-mangroves-in-africa-an-overview/ ,
  • Akani , GC and Luiselli , L. 2001 . A survey of the cultural attitude of people towards reptiles in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: implications for conservation . Herpetol Bull. , 75 : 19 – 24 .
  • Akinyemiju , OA. 1987 . Invasion of Nigerian waters by water hyacinth . J Aquat Plant Manage. , 25 : 24 – 26 .
  • Alley , RB , Marotzke , J , Nordhaus , WD , Overpeck , JT , Peteet , DM , Pielke , RA , Pierrehumbert , RT , Rhines , PB , Stocker , TF Talley , LD . 2003 . Abrupt climate change . Science. , 299 : 2005 – 2010 .
  • Allison , M and Okadi , D. 2009 . Species distribution and abundance in the lower Nun River, Niger Delta, Nigeria . J Fish Intl. , 4 : 13 – 18 .
  • Alogoa , AJ. 2005 . A history of the Niger Delta: an historical interpretation of Ijo oral tradition , Port Harcourt , , Nigeria : Onyoma Research Publications .
  • Aluko , MAO. 2004 . Sustainable development, environmental degradation and the entrenchment of poverty in the Niger Delta of Nigeria . J Hum Ecol. , 15 : 63 – 68 .
  • [AIP] Amnesty International Publications . 2009 . Nigeria: petroleum, pollution and poverty in the Niger Delta. International secretariat , London , , UK : Amnesty International Publications .
  • Ana , REE , Sridhar , MKC and Emerole , GO. 2009 . A comparative assessment of soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two Niger Delta communities . Nigeria Afr J Pure Appl Chem. , 3 : 31 – 41 .
  • Anderson , MG and Peek , PM. 2002 . Ways of the rivers: arts and environment of the Niger Delta , 1st , Los Angeles , CA : University of California Los Angeles, Fowler .
  • Aprioku , I. 1999 . Consequences of rural industrialisation: the case of the National Fertiliser Company of Nigeria (NAFCON) . GeoJournal , 48 : 313 – 321 .
  • Arimoro , FO and Ikomi , RB. 2009 . Ecological integrity of upper Warri River, Niger Delta using aquatic insects as bioindicators . Ecol Indic. , 9 : 455 – 461 .
  • Atkins , JP , Burdon , D , Elliott , M and Gregory , AJ. 2011 . Management of the marine environment: integrating ecosystem services and societal benefits with the DPSIR framework in a systems approach . Mar Pollut Bull. , 62 : 215 – 226 .
  • Avwiri , GO and Nte , F. 2003 . Environmental sound quality of some selected flow stations in the Niger Delta of Nigeria . J Appl Sci Environ Manage. , 7 : 75 – 77 .
  • Awosika , L. 1995 . “ Impacts of global climate change and sea level rise on coastal resources and energy development in Nigeria ” . In Global climate change: impact on energy development Nigeria , Edited by: Umolu , JC . Jos , , Nigeria : DAMTECH Nigeria .
  • Balmford , A , Bruner , A , Cooper , P , Costanza , R , Farber , S , Green , RE , Jenkins , M , Jefferiss , P , Jessamy , V Madden , J . 2002 . Economic reasons for conserving wild nature . Science. , 297 : 950 – 953 .
  • Barbier , EB. 1994 . Valuing environmental functions: tropical wetlands . Land Econ. , 70 : 155 – 173 .
  • Barbier , EB , Acreman , M and Knowler , D. 1997 . Economic valuation of wetlands: a guide for policy makers and planners , Gland , , Switzerland : Ramsar Convention Bureau .
  • Benka-Coker , MO and Ekundayo , JA. 1995 . Effects of an oil spill on soil physico-chemical properties of a spill site in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria . Environ Monit Assess. , 36 : 93 – 104 .
  • Bienen , L. 2005 . Nigerian communities demand end to gas flaring . Front Ecol Environ. , 3 : 299
  • Bingham , G , Bishop , R , Brody , M , Bromley , D , Clark , E , Cooper , W , Costanza , R , Hale , T , Hayden , G Kellert , S . 1995 . Issues in ecosystem valuation: improving information for decision making . Ecol Econ. , 14 : 73 – 90 .
  • Bisina , J. 2006 . Environmental degradation in the Niger Delta , Port Harcourt , , Nigeria : Niger Delta Environmental Roundtable Hotel Presidential Port Harcourt .
  • Blaikie , PM. 1985 . The political economy of soil erosion in developing countries/Piers Blaikie , London , , UK : Longman .
  • Boavida , MJ. 1999 . Wetlands: most relevant structural and functional aspects . Limnetica. , 17 : 57 – 63 .
  • Booth , D . Elites, governance and the public interest in Africa: working with the grain? London (UK): Africa Power and Politics Programme . Discussion Paper No. 6 . 2009 .
  • Brander , L , Florax , R and Vermaat , J. 2006 . The empirics of wetland valuation: a comprehensive summary and a meta-analysis of the literature . Environ Resour Econ. , 33 : 223 – 250 .
  • Brander , L , Florax , R and Vermaat , J. 2006 . The empirics of wetland valuation: a comprehensive summary and a meta-analysis of the literature . Environ Resour Econ. , 33 : 223 – 250 .
  • Bruland , GL , Hanchey , MF and Richardson , CJ. 2003 . Effects of agriculture and wetland restoration on hydrology, soils, and water quality of a Carolina bay complex . Wetlands Ecol Manage. , 11 : 141 – 156 .
  • Bryant , RL and Bailey , S. 1997 . Third world political ecology , London , , UK : Routledge .
  • Castilla , JC and Nealler , E. 1978 . Marine environmental impact due to mining activities of El Salvador copper mine, Chile . Mar Pollut Bull. , 9 : 67 – 70 .
  • Chindah , AC and Osuamkpe , A. 2008 . The fish assemblage of the lower Bonny river, Niger Delta, Nigeria . Afr J Ecol. , 32 : 58 – 65 .
  • Chinweze , C and Abiola-Oloke , G. Women issues, poverty and social challenge of climate change in the Nigerian Niger Delta context. IHDP Open Meeting 2009 . Paper presented at: The 7th International Conference on the Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change . Apr 26–30 2009 , UN Campus, Bonn , Germany.
  • Coe , MT and Foley , JA. 2001 . Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the Lake Chad basin . J Geophys Res. , 106 : 3349 – 3356 .
  • Coleman , JM , Huh , OK and Braud , D. 2008 . Wetland loss in world deltas . J Coast Res. , 24 : 1 – 14 .
  • Coomes , OT , Barham , BL and Takasaki , Y. 2004 . Targeting conservation-development initiatives in tropical forests: insights from analyses of rain forest use and economic reliance among Amazonian peasants . Ecol Econ. , 51 : 47 – 64 .
  • Cugusi , B and Piccarozzi , M. Environmental change and human mobility. A thematic literature and organisational review . Paper presented at: International Conference: Towards the G8 Summit Climate Change and Human Mobility in Africa Dialogue for a Strategic Cooperation Between Italy and Africa . Apr 21 2009 , Rome , Italy.
  • Daniel-Kalio , LA and Braide , SA. 2002 . The impact of accidental oil spill on cultivated and natural vegetation in a wetland area of Niger Delta, Nigeria . Ambio. , 31 : 441 – 442 .
  • Davies , RM , Davies , OA and Abowei , JFN. 2009 . The status of fish storage technologies in Niger Delta Nigeria . Am J Sci Res. , 1 : 55 – 63 .
  • de Groot , RS , Wilson , MA and Boumans , RMJ. 2002 . A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services . Ecol Econ. , 41 : 393 – 408 .
  • Dixon , AB and Wood , AP. 2003 . Wetland cultivation and hydrological management in eastern Africa: matching community and hydrological needs through sustainable wetland use . Nat Resour Forum , 27 : 117 – 129 .
  • Dublin-Green , CO , Nwankwo , JN and Irechukwu , DO. Effective regulation and management of the issues in the petroleum industry in Nigeria . Paper presented at: SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production . Jun 7–10 1998 , Caracas , Venezuela.
  • Dugan , P , Dey , MM and Sugunan , VV. 2006 . Fisheries and water productivity in tropical river basins: enhancing food security and livelihoods by managing water for fish . Agric Water Manage. , 80 : 262 – 275 .
  • Dugan , PJ. 1990 . Wetland conservation: a review of current issues and required action , Gland , , Switzerland : IUCN – The World Conservation Union .
  • Dupont , LM , Jahns , S , Marret , F and Ning , S. 2000 . Vegetation change in equatorial West Africa: time-slices for the last 150 ka . Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol , 155 : 95 – 122 .
  • Eaton , D and Sarch , MT. 1997 . The economic importance of wild resources in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria. Collaborative Research in the Economics of Environment and Development (CREED) , London , , UK : International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) .
  • Ebeku , KSA. 2004 . Biodiversity conservation in Nigeria: an appraisal of the legal regime in relation to the Niger Delta area of the country . J Environ Law. , 16 : 361 – 375 .
  • Eboh , L , Mepba , HD and Ekpo , MB. 2006 . Heavy metal contaminants and processing effects on the composition, storage stability and fatty acid profiles of five common commercially available fish species in Oron Local Government, Nigeria . Food Chem. , 97 : 490 – 497 .
  • Egbagbe , E. Investment opportunities in the Niger Delta Region – infrastructure. Paper presented at: Regenerating the Niger Delta forum . Challenges and opportunities . Jul 7 2009 . London , , UK
  • Ejechi , BO. 2003 . Microbial deterioration of partially submerged service timbers in a tropical inter-tidal zone . Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. , 51 : 115 – 118 .
  • Ekeke , BA , Davies , OA and Alfred-Ockiya , JF. 2008 . Sand dredging impact on fish catch in Bonny River Estuary, Nigeria . Environ Res J. , 2 : 299 – 305 .
  • Ekundayo , EO and Fodeke , VO. 2000 . Microbial densities and physico-chemical quality of some crude oil flow stations’ saver pit effluents in the Niger Delta Basin of Southern Nigeria . Environ Monit Assess , 65 : 523 – 530 .
  • Elbadawi , E and Sambanis , N. 2000 . Why are there so many civil wars in Africa? Understanding and preventing violent conflict . J Afr Econ. , 9 : 244 – 269 .
  • Emerton , L , Iyango , L , Luwun , P and Malinga , A. 1999 . The present economic value of Nakivubo urban wetland, Uganda , Gland , , Switzerland : IUCN, Biodiversity Economics for Eastern Africa and National Wetlands: Conservation & Management Programme .
  • Ene-Ita , A. Investment opportunities in the environmental sector of the Niger Delta . Paper presented at: Regenerating the Niger Delta forum. Challenges and opportunities . Jul 7 2009 , London , UK .
  • Enemugwem , JH. 2009 . The development of the Niger Delta of Nigeria, 1900–1966 . J Sustain Dev Afr. 10:162–178 ,
  • Etuonovbe , AK. Economic benefit of hydrography: land reclamation in Bayelsa state: a case study of Saipem Camp . Paper presented at: Strategic Integration of Surveying Services, FIG Working Week 2007 . May 13–17 2007 , Hong Kong SAR , China .
  • European Economic Area . 1995 . Europe's environment: the Dobris assessment , Copenhagen , , Denmark : European Environment Agency .
  • Fagbuaro , O , Oso , JA , Edward , JB and Ogunleye , RF . 2006 . Nutritional status of four species of giant land snails in Nigeria . J Zhejiang Univ Sci. , 7 : 686 – 689 .
  • Farber , SC , Costanza , R and Wilson , MA. 2002 . Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services . Ecol Econ. , 41 : 375 – 392 .
  • Favreau , G , Scanlon , BR and Reedy , RC. Impact of land clearing and irrigation on groundwater recharge in the Lake Chad Basin, Africa . Paper presented at: Joint Meeting of The Geological Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies with the Gulf Coast Section of SEPM . Oct 5–9 2008 , Houston , TX .
  • Federal Environmental Protection Agency . 1999 . National policy on environment. Revised , Lagos , , Nigeria : Royal Press .
  • Fentiman , A. 1996 . The anthropology of oil: the impact of the oil industry on a fishing community in the Niger Delta . Soc Justice , Winter : 23
  • Forsyth , T. 2004 . Critical political ecology: the politics of environmental science , London , , UK : Routledge .
  • Friends of the Earth International . 2004 . Clashes with cooperate giants: 22 campaigns for biodiversity and community , Amsterdam , , The Netherlands : Friends of the Earth International .
  • Guganesharajah , K and Shaw , EM. 1984 . Forecasting water levels for Lake Chad . Water Resour Res. , 20 : 1053 – 1065 .
  • Hamadina , M , Otobotekere , D and Anyanwu , D. 2007 . Impact assessment and biodiversity considerations in Nigeria: a case study of Niger Delta University campus project on wildlife in Nun River Forest Reserve . J Manage Environ Qual Int J. , 18 : 179 – 197 .
  • Harrington , R , Anton , C , Dawson , T , de Bello , F , Feld , C , Haslett , J , Kluvánkova-Oravská , T , Kontogianni , A , Lavorel , S Luck , G . 2010 . Ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation: concepts and a glossary . Biodivers Conserv. , 19 : 2773 – 2790 .
  • Hollis , GE. 1992 . “ The causes of wetland loss and degradation in the Mediterranean ” . In Managing Mediterranean wetlands and their birds Grado, Italy , Edited by: Finlayson , CM , Hollis , GE and Davis , TJ . Slimbridge , , UK : IWRB .
  • Holopainen , IJ , Holopainen , A-L , Hämäläinen , H , Rahkola-Sorsa , M , Tkatcheva , V and Viljanen , M. 2003 . Effects of mining industry waste waters on a shallow lake ecosystem in Karelia, north-west Russia . Hydrobiologia , 506–509 : 111 – 119 .
  • Howarth , RB and Farber , S. 2002 . Accounting for the value of ecosystem services . Ecol Econ. , 41 : 421 – 429 .
  • Ibe , AC. 1996 . “ The Niger Delta and sea-level rise ” . In Sea-level rise and coastal subsidence , Edited by: Milliman , JD and Haq , BU . Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Idemudia , U. 2009 . Oil extraction and poverty reduction in the Niger Delta: a critical examination of partnership initiatives . J Bus Ethics. , 90 : 91 – 116 .
  • Idemudia , U and Ite , UE. 2006 . Corporate-community relations in Nigeria's oil industry: challenges and imperatives . Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manage. , 13 : 194 – 206 .
  • Ighodaro , O. 2005 . The political economy of oil and Niger Delta crisis , Flagstaff , AZ : Northern Arizona University . [Unpublished PhD dissertation]
  • Ikelegbe , A. 2006 . The economy of conflict in the oil rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria . Afr Asian Stud. , 5 : 23 – 56 .
  • [ICSU, UNESCO, UNU] International Council for Science, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation, United Nations University . 2008 . Ecosystem change and human well being: research and monitoring priorities based on the millennium ecosystem assessment , Paris , , France : ICSU .
  • International Water Management Institute . 2006 . Working wetlands: a new approach to balancing agricultural development with environmental protection , Colombo , , Sri Lanka : International Water Management Institute (IWMI) .
  • Isebor , CE , Ajayi , TO and Anyanwu , A. The incidence of Nypa fruticans (Wurmb) and its impact on fisheries production in the Niger Delta mangrove ecosystem . Paper presented at: 16th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) . Nov 2001 , Nigeria. pp. 4 – 9 . Maiduguri
  • Isichei , E. 1982 . Varieties of Christian experience in Nigeria , London , , UK : Macmillan Press .
  • Iwegbue , CMA , Ekakitie , AO and Egun , AC. 2006 . Mineralization of nitrogen in wetlands soils of the Niger Delta amended with water hyacinth (Eichhornia sp.) . Waste Int J Soil Sci. , 1 : 258 – 263 .
  • Iyayi , SE and Agbeboh , GU. 2007 . Prospect assessment and risk analysis: example from Niger Delta, Nigeria Basin . World Appl Sci J. , 2 : 569 – 574 .
  • James , GK , Adegoke , JO , Saba , E , Nwilo , P and Akinyede , J. 2007 . Satellite-based assessment of the extent and changes in the mangrove ecosystem of the Niger Delta . Mar Geod. , 30 : 249 – 267 .
  • Jike , VT. 2004 . Environmental degradation, social disequilibrium, and the dilemma of sustainable development in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria . J Black Stud. , 34 : 686 – 701 .
  • Johnston , HH. 1908 . Review: innermost Africa . Geogr J. , 31 : 205 – 207 .
  • Jonathan G. 2006. Bayelsa State Nigeria: background information [Internet]. Bayelsa (Nigeria): Bayelsa Council for Arts and Culture; [cited 2010 Jun 20]. Available from http://www.bayelsaartsng.com/sub1.html (http://www.bayelsaartsng.com/sub1.html)
  • Kashaigili , JJ , Mbilinyi , BP , McCartney , M and Mwanuzi , FL. 2006 . Dynamics of Usangu plains wetlands: use of remote sensing and GIS as management decision tools . Phys Chem Earth A/B/C. , 31 : 967 – 975 .
  • Keddy , PA , Fraser , LH , Solomeshch , AI , Junk , WJ , Campbell , DR , Arroyo , MTK and Alho , C JR. 2009 . Wet and wonderful: the world's largest wetlands are conservation priorities . BioScience. , 59 : 39 – 51 .
  • King , RP and Udo , MT. 1997 . Vegetational succession-mediated spatial heterogeneity in the environmental biology of Periophthalmus barbaras (Gobiidae) in the estuarine swamps of Imo River, Nigeria . Int J Min Reclam Environ. , 11 : 151 – 154 .
  • Laë , R , Williams , S , Morand , P and Mikolasek , O . 2004 . “ Review of the present state of the environment, fish stocks and fisheries of the River Niger (West Africa) ” . In 2nd international symposium on the management of large river for fisheries; 2003 Feb 11–14; Phnom Penh, Cambodia , Edited by: Welcomme , R and Petr , T . 199 – 228 . Phnom Penh , , Cambodia : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) .
  • Lannas , KSM and Turpie , JK. 2009 . Valuing the provisioning services of wetlands: contrasting a rural wetland in Lesotho with a peri-urban wetland in South Africa . Ecol Soc. , 14 : 18
  • Levingston , R and Zamora , R. 1983 . The importance of medicinal plants . Int J For For Ind-Unasylva. 35(140):7–10 ,
  • Lin , T , Xue , X-Z and Lu , C-Y. 2007 . Analysis of coastal wetland changes using the ‘DPSIR’ model: a case study in Xiamen, China . Coast Manage. , 35 : 289 – 303 .
  • Loiselle , S , Cózar , A , Dam , A , Kansiime , F , Kelderman , P , Saunders , M and Simonit , S. 2006 . Tools for wetland ecosystem resource management in East Africa: focus on the Lake Victoria Papyrus Wetlands . Wetlands Nat Resour Manage. , : 190:97 – 121 .
  • Luiselli , L. 2003 . Comparative abundance and population structure of sympatric Afrotropical tortoises in six rainforest areas: the differential effects of “traditional veneration” and of “subsistence hunting” by local people . Acta Oecol. , 24 : 157 – 163 .
  • Luiselli , L. 2009 . A model assessing the conservation threats to freshwater turtles of Sub-Saharan Africa predicts urgent need for continental conservation planning . Biodivers Conserv. , 18 : 1349 – 1360 .
  • Luiselli , L , Politano , E and Lea , J. 2006 . Assessment of the vulnerable status of Kinixys homeana (Testudines: Testudinidae) for the IUCN Red List . Chelonian Conserv Biol. , 5 : 130 – 138 .
  • Mapedza , E. 2006 . “ Mafungautsi area, Zimbabwe: decentralised management of forests ” . In Networks and institutions in natural resource management Cheltenham, UK , Edited by: Rydin , Y and Falleth , E . Northampton , MA : E. Elgar Publishing .
  • Matthews , GVT . 1993 . The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: its history and development , Edited by: Luthi , E and Ramsar . Gland , , Switzerland : Ramsar Convention Bureau .
  • Maxim , L , Spangenberg , JH and O'Connor , M. 2009 . An analysis of risks for biodiversity under the DPSIR framework . Ecol Econ. , 69 : 12 – 23 .
  • McGinley , M. 2008 . “ Niger Delta swamp forests ” . In Encyclopedia of earth , Edited by: Cleveland , CJ . Washington , DC : Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment .
  • [MEA] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment . 2003 . Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment , Washington , DC : Island Press .
  • [MEA] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment . 2005 . Ecosystem and human well-being: synthesis , Washington , DC : Island Press .
  • Mitsch , WJ and Gosselink , JG. 2000 . The value of wetlands: importance of scale and landscape setting . Ecol Econ. , 35 : 25 – 33 .
  • Mitsch , WJ and Gosselink , JG. 2007 . “ Wetlands ” . In , 4th , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
  • Mmopelwa , G. 2006 . Economic and financial analysis of harvesting and utilization of river reed in the Okavango Delta, Botswana . J Environ Manage. , 79 : 329 – 335 .
  • Moffat , D and Linden , O. 1995 . Perception and reality: assessing priorities for sustainable development in the Niger River Delta . Ambio. , 24 : 527 – 538 .
  • Naagbanton , P , Amadi , C and Ikomi , J. 2009 . Scorecard for 2009: a CEHRD report on the state of human rights abuse and violence in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria , Port Harcourt , , Nigeria : Centre for Environment, Human Rights and Development .
  • National Population Commission . 2006 . 2006 population and housing census o the federal republic of Nigeria 2006 census: priority tables , Abuja , , Nigeria : National Population Commission .
  • Nayar , S , Miller , DJ , Hunt , A , Goh , BPL and Chou , LM. 2007 . Environmental effects of dredging on sediment nutrients, carbon and granulometry in a tropical estuary . Environ Monit Assess. , 127 : 1 – 13 .
  • Ndukwe , KC , Okeke , IN , Lamikanra , A , Adesina , SK and Aboderin , O. 2005 . Antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of selected chewing sticks . J Contem Dent Pract. , 3 : 86 – 94 .
  • Ndukwu BC, Ben-Nwadibia NB. 2005. Ethnomedicinal aspects of plants used as spices and condiments in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Ethnobot Leafl Int Web J [Internet]. [cited 2009 Sep 15]. Available from: http://www.ethnoleaflets.com/leaflets/niger.htm. (http://www.ethnoleaflets.com/leaflets/niger.htm.)
  • Niemeijer , D and de Groot , RS. 2008 . Framing environmental indicators: moving from causal chains to causal networks . Environ Dev Sustain. , 10 : 89 – 106 .
  • [NDDC] Niger Delta Development Commission . 2006 . Niger Delta regional masterplan , Port Harcourt , , Nigeria : NDDC .
  • Nigerian Conservation Foundation. 2006. Niger Delta named most polluted ecosystem [Internet]. Lagos (Nigeria): Nigerian Conservation Foundation; [ http://www.ncfnigeria.org/web/inthenews/news_feeds.php?article=21. (http://www.ncfnigeria.org/web/inthenews/news_feeds.php?article=21.) (Accessed: 15 March 2010 ).
  • Nnoli , O. 1990 . Desertification, refugees and regional conflict in West Africa . Disasters. , 14 : 132 – 139 .
  • Nwadiaro , C. 1984 . The longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrates and fish in a lower Niger Delta river (River Sombreiro) in Nigeria . Aquat Ecol. , 18 : 133 – 140 .
  • Nwankwo , JN. 2001 . The algae oil impacted mangrove soil in the Niger Delta, Nigeria . Trop Ecol. , 41 : 243 – 245 .
  • Obire , O , Ogan , A and Okigbo , RN. 2008 . Impact of fertilizer plant effluent on water quality . Int J Environ Sci Technol. , 5 : 107 – 118 .
  • Obot , E. Ensuring ecosystem integrity . Paper presented at: National Stakeholders Forum on the New Mechanism for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Nigeria . Oct 22–23 2007 , Abuja , Nigeria .
  • Odada , EO , Ochola , WO and Olago , DO. 2009 . Drivers of ecosystem change and their impact on human well-being in Lake Victoria Basin . Afr J Ecol. , 47 : 46 – 54 .
  • Odjugo , PA. 2010 . Regional evidence of climate change in Nigeria . J Geogr Reg Plan. , 3 : 142 – 150 .
  • Odulari , OG. 2008 . Crude oil and the Nigerian economic performance . Oil Gas Bus J [Internet]. [cited 2010 May 11]. Available from: http://www.ogbus.ru/eng/authors/Odularo/Odularo_1.pdf. ,
  • Ogah , D and Odita , S. 2009 . River Niger dredging: matters. The Guardian Newspaper , Lagos , , Nigeria : The Guardian .
  • Ogon , P. 2006 . Land and forest resource use in the Niger Delta: issues in regulation and sustainable management , Berkeley , CA : Green Governance Project, Institute of International Studies, UC .
  • O'Hara , K. 2001 . Niger Delta: peace and co-operation through sustainable development . Environ Policy Law. , 31 : 302 – 308 .
  • Ohimain , E , Andriesse , W and van Mensvoort , M. 2004 . Environmental impacts of abandoned dredged soils and sediments . J Soils and Sediments. , 4 : 59 – 65 .
  • Ohimain , E , Imoobe , TO and Bawo , D. 2008 . Changes in water physico-chemical properties following the dredging of an oil well access canal in the Niger Delta . World J Agric Sci. , 4 : 752 – 758 .
  • Okoh , AI , Babalola , GO and Bakare , MK. 1996 . The microbial and physico-chemical qualities of crude oil flow station effluents in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria . Fresenius Environ Bull. , 5 : 102 – 106 .
  • Oladipo , EO. 1995 . “ An indication of abrupt change of rainfall and it potential impact on energy development in Nigeria ” . In Global climate change: impact on energy development , Edited by: Umolu , JC . 30 – 42 . Lagos , , Nigeria : DAMTECH Nigeria Limited. p .
  • Olajire , AA , Altenburger , R , Küster , E and Brack , W. 2005 . Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon – contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria . Sci Total Environ. , 340 : 123 – 136 .
  • Olujimi , J. 2009 . Evolving a planning strategy for managing urban sprawl in Nigeria . J Hum Ecol. , 25 : 201 – 208 .
  • Omeje , K. 2006 . Petrobusiness and security threats in the Niger Delta, Nigeria . Curr Sociol. , 54 : 477 – 499 .
  • Omofonmwan , SI and Odia , LO. 2009 . Oil exploitation and conflict in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria . J Hum Ecol. , 26 : 25 – 30 .
  • Omotola , JS. 2006 . The next Gulf? Oil politics, environmental apocalypse and rising tension in the Niger Delta , Durban , , South Africa : The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) .
  • Onuoha , F. 2006 . Poverty, pipeline vandalisation/explosion and human security: integrating disaster management into poverty reduction in Nigeria . Afr Secur Rev. , 16 : 109 – 111 .
  • Opukri , CO and Ibaba , IS. 2008 . Oil induced environmental degradation and internal population displacement in the Nigeria's Niger Delta . J Sustain Dev Afr. , 10 : 173 – 193 .
  • Oribhabor , BJ and Ansa , EJ. 2006 . Organic waste reclamation, recycling and re-use in integrated fish farming in the Niger Delta . J Appl Sci Environ Manage. , 10 : 47 – 53 .
  • Ostrom , E , Janssen , MA and Anderies , JM. 2007 . Going beyond panaceas . Proc Nat Acad Sci. , 104 : 15176 – 15178 .
  • Oyadongha , S. 2009 . Flood sacks 1000 Yenagoa residents. Vanguard Newspaper , Lagos , , Nigeria : Vanguard Media Limited .
  • Oyatomi , K and Umoru , H. 2009 . Dont blame Yar'Adua if he is slow , Lagos , , Nigeria : IBB Nigerian Guardian .
  • Parulekar , A , Ansari , Z and Ingole , B. 1986 . Effect of mining activities on the clam fisheries and bottom fauna of Goa estuaries . Proc Anim Sci. , 95 : 325 – 339 .
  • Peterside , S. 2007 . On the militarization of Nigeria Niger Delta: the genesis of ethnic militia in rivers state , Berkeley , CA : Nigeria Niger Delta Economies of Violence Institute of International Studies, University of California .
  • Phil-Eze , PO and Okoro , IC. 2009 . Sustainable biodiversity conservation in the Niger Delta: a practical approach to conservation site selection . Biodivers Conserv. , 18 : 1247 – 1257 .
  • [RCS] Ramsar Convention Secretariat . 2007 . Wise use of wetlands: a conceptual framework for the wise use of wetlands Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands , 3rd , Gland , , Switzerland : RCS .
  • Rebelo , LM , McCartney , M and Finlayson , C. 2009 . Wetlands of Sub-Saharan Africa: distribution and contribution of agriculture to livelihoods . Wetlands Ecol Manage. , 18 : 557 – 572 .
  • Renema , W , Bellwood , DR , Braga , JC , Bromfield , K , Hall , R , Johnson , KG , Lunt , P , Meyer , CP , McMonagle , LB Morley , RJ . 2008 . Hopping hotspots: global shifts in marine biodiversity . Science. , 321 : 654 – 657 .
  • Rijsberman , F and Silva , S. 2006 . “ Sustainable agriculture and wetlands ” . In Wetlands and natural resource management , Edited by: Verhoeven , J , Beltman , B , Bobbink , R and Whigham , D . 33 – 52 . Heidelberg , , Germany : Springer. p .
  • Rim-Rukeh , A , Ikhifa , GO and Okokoyo , PA. 2007 . Physico-chemical characteristics of some waters used for drinking and domestic purposes in the Niger Delta, Nigeria . Environ Monit Assess. , 128 : 475 – 482 .
  • Ringius , L. 2002 . Soil carbon sequestration and the CDM: opportunities and challenges for Africa . Clim Change. , 54 : 471 – 495 .
  • Robbins , P. 2004 . Political ecology: a critical introduction , Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing .
  • Sanford , MP. 2009 . Valuating mangrove ecosystems as coastal protection in post-Tsunami South Asia . Nat Areas J. , 29 : 91 – 95 .
  • Scheren , PA , Ibe , AC , Janssen , FJ and Lemmens , AM. 2002 . Environmental pollution in the Gulf of Guinea – a regional approach . Mar Pollut Bull. , 44 : 633 – 641 .
  • Schuyt , KD. 1999 . Economic valuation of the Lake Chilwa wetland report for the Lake Chilwa wetland and catchment management project , Zambia : Lake Chilwa Wetland and Catchment Management Project .
  • Schuyt , KD. 2005 . Economic consequences of wetland degradation for local populations in Africa . Ecol Econ. , 53 : 177 – 190 .
  • Silvius , MJ , Oneka , M and Verhagen , A. 2000 . Wetlands: lifeline for people at the edge . Phys Chem Earth B Hydrol Oceans Atmos. , 25 : 645 – 652 .
  • Smeets , E and Weterings , R. 1999 . Environmental indicators: typology and overview , 1 – 19 . Copenhagen , , Denmark : European Environmental Agency. p .
  • Speranza , I , Kiteme , B , Ogalleh , S and Joseph , G. 2008 . Assessment of indigenous knowledge to improve resilience to environmental and climate change case studies from Kenya and Nigeria. AFR Scoping Study. Bonn (Germany): German Development Institute (DIE)
  • Thiombiano , L and Tourino-Soto , I. 2007 . “ Status and trends in land degradation in Africa ” . In Climate and land degradation , Edited by: Sivakumar , MVK and Ndiang'ui , N . 39 – 53 . Berlin , , Germany : Springer. p .
  • Tiner , RW. 1984 . Wetlands of the United States: current status and recent trends , Washington , DC : National Wetlands Inventory, US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service .
  • Turner , RK , van den Bergh , JCJM , Söderqvist , T , Barendregt , A , van der Straaten , J , Maltby , E and van Ierland , EC. 2000 . Ecological-economic analysis of wetlands: scientific integration for management and policy . Ecol Econ. , 35 : 7 – 23 .
  • Turpie , JK. 2000 . The use and value of natural resources of the Rufiji floodplain and Delta, Tanzania , Cape Town , , South Africa : Rufiji Environmental Management Project, IUCN – Eastern Africa Regional Office, Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town .
  • Turpie , JK , Smith , B , Emerton , L and Barnes , J. 1999 . Economic value of the Zambezi Basin wetlands , Harare , , Zimbabwe : IUCN Rosa .
  • Twumasi , YA and Merem , EC. 2006 . GIS and remote sensing applications in the assessment of change within a coastal environment in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria . Int J Environ Res Publ Health. , 3 : 98 – 106 .
  • Udofia , S and Udo , ES. 2005 . Local knowledge of the utilization of Nipa palm (Nypa Fruticans, Wumb) in the coastal areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria . Global J Agric Sci. , 4 : 33 – 40 .
  • Ugochukwu , CNC and Ertel , J. 2008 . Negative impacts of oil exploration on biodiversity management in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria . Impact Assess Project Appraisal. , 26 : 139 – 147 .
  • UK Trade and Investment . 2011 . Developing your international trade potential: time to export , London , , UK : UK Trade & Investment .
  • Ukiwo , U. 2009 . Causes and cures of oil-related Niger Delta conflicts, policy notes , Uppsala , , Sweden : The Nordic Africa Institute .
  • Uluocha , N and Okeke , I. 2004 . Implications of wetlands degradation for water resources management: lessons from Nigeria . GeoJournal. , 61 : 151 – 154 .
  • Umoh , SG. 2008 . The promise of wetland farming; evidence from Nigeria . Agric J. , 3 : 107 – 112 .
  • [UNDP] United Nations Development Programme . 2006 . Niger Delta human development report , Lagos , , Nigeria : United Nations Development Programme .
  • United Nations Environment Programme . 2007 . “ Mangroves of Western and Central Africa ” . In Report produced for UNEP-DEPI under the UNEP Biodiversity Related Projects in Africa , Edited by: Corcoran , E , Ravilious , C and Skuja , M . Cambridge , , UK : UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre .
  • Uyigue , E and Agbo , M. 2007 . Coping with climate change and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta of Southern Nigeria , Benin City , , Nigeria : Community Research and Development Centre .
  • Walther , G-R , Post , E , Convey , P , Menzel , A , Parmesan , C , Beebee , TJC , Fromentin , J-M , Hoegh-Guldberg , O and Bairlein , F. 2002 . Ecological responses to recent climate change . Nature. , 416 : 389 – 395 .
  • Watts , M. 2008 . Sweet and sour Niger Delta economies of violence institute of international studies , Berkeley , CA : University of California .
  • Wolf , CP , Emerhi , EA and Okosi , PH. Community impact assessment of lower Niger River dredging . Comparing Rivers: the Mississippi and the Niger – the Fifth Randall L Gibson Tulane University – US Army Corps of Engineers Conference on the Mississippi River French Quarter of New Orleans (LA) . New Orleans , LA . Tulane University .
  • World Bank . 1995 . Defining an environmental strategy for the Niger Delta , Nigeria : World Bank Industry and Energy Operations Division, West Central Africa Department .
  • Young , OR. 2002 . The institutional dimensions of environmental change: fit, interplay, and scale , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
  • Zabbey , N. Impacts of extractive industries on the biodiversity of the Niger Delta region, Nigeria . Paper presented at: National Workshop on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Management . Sep 7–9 2004 , Calabar, Cross-River State , Nigeria.
  • Zabbey , N , Erondu , ES and Hart , AI. 2010 . Nigeria and the prospect of shrimp farming: critical issues . Livestock Res Rural Dev. , : 22

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.