Prevalence and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders among tertiary hospitals in Pakistan; findings and implications

References

• Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, et al. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):476–493. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigo D, Thornicroft G, Atun R. Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(2):171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel V. Mental health in low- and middle-income countries. Br Med Bull. 2007;81–82:81–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO-AIMS. 2009. Mental health systems in selected low- and middle-income countries: a WHO-AIMS cross-national analysis. [cited 2020 Jan 9]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/who_aims_report_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Naqvi HA, Sabzwari S, Hussain S, et al. General practitioners’ awareness and management of common psychiatric disorders: a community-based survey from Karachi, Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(5):446–453.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, et al. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18(1):23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Improving access to and appropriate use of medicines for mental disorders. 2017. Available from: file:///C:/Users/mail/Desktop/My%20documents/Ongoing%20papers/Scotland%20SSRIs/WHO%20Mental%20Health%202018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Patel V, Saxena S, Lund C, et al. The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. Lancet. 2018;392(10157):1553–1598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Management of physical health conditions in adults with severe mental disorders. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275718/9789241550383-eng.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Godman B, Grobler C, Van-De-Lisle M, et al. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions for bipolar disorder type II: addressing multiple symptoms and approaches with a particular emphasis on strategies in lower and middle-income countries. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(18):2237–2255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendler R, Kidia K, Machando D, et al. “We are not really marketing mental health”: mental health advocacy in Zimbabwe. PloS One. 2016;11(9):e0161860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme. 2016. mhGAP intervention guide. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: file: 'https://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/en/
   Google Scholar
• Bruckner TA, Scheffler RM, Shen G, et al. The mental health workforce gap in low- and middle-income countries: a needs-based approach. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89(3):184–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Jama. 2004;291(21):2581–2590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad I, Khalily MT, Hallahan B, et al. Factors associated with psychotic relapse in patients with schizophrenia in a Pakistani cohort. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2017;26(4):384–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezenduka C, Ubochi V, Ogbonna BO. The utilization pattern and costs analysis of psychotropic drugs at a neuropsychiatric hospital in Nigeria. Br J Pharm Res. 2014;4(3):325–337.
   Google Scholar
• Gadit A. State of mental health in Pakistan. JPMA. 2001;51(7):238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altaf A, Khan M, Shah SR, et al. Sociodemographic pattern of depression in urban settlement of Karachi, Pakistan. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(6):VC09–VC13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalily M. Mental health problems in Pakistani society as a consequence of violence and trauma: a case for better integration of care. Int J Integr Care. 2011;11:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadit AA. Mental health in Pakistan: where do we stand? JPMA. 2006;56(5):198–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahmood S, Hussain S, Ur Rehman T, et al. Trends in the prescribing of antipsychotic medicines in Pakistan: implications for the future. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(1):51–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2019 ICD 10. Other symptoms and signs involving the nervous system. [cited 2020 Available from: https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/R00-R99/R25-R29/R29-/R29.818.
   Google Scholar
• Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):e442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nashilongo MM, Singu B, Kalemeera F, et al. Assessing adherence to antihypertensive therapy in primary health care in Namibia: findings and implications. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017;31(5–6):565–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer JC, Schellack N, Stokes J, et al. Ongoing Initiatives to improve the quality and efficiency of medicine use within the public healthcare system in South Africa; a preliminary study. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbui JM, Oluka MN, Guantai EM, et al. Prescription patterns and adequacy of blood pressure control among adult hypertensive patients in Kenya; findings and implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10(11):1263–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B, Basu D, Pillay Y, et al. Review of ongoing activities and challenges to improve the care of patients with type 2 diabetes across Africa and the implications for the future. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassebaum NJ, Arora M, Barber RM, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1603–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies. Neurology. 2017;88(3):296–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakirullah S, Ali N, Khan A, et al. The prevalence, incidence and etiology of epilepsy. Int J Clin Exp Neurol. 2014;2(2):29–39.
   Google Scholar
• Riaz H, Godman B, Bashir S, et al. Evaluation of drug use indicators for non-communicable diseases in Pakistan. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica. 2016;73(3):787–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khealani BA, Hameed B, Mapari UU. Stroke in Pakistan. JPMA. 2008;58(7):400–403.
   Google Scholar
• Khalid W, Rozi S, Ali TS, et al. Quality of life after stroke in Pakistan. BMC Neurol. 2016;16(1):250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iqbal Q, Bashir S, Iqbal J, et al. Assessment of medication adherence among type 2 diabetic patients in Quetta city, Pakistan. Postgrad Med. 2017;129(6):637–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafar TH, Haaland BA, Rahman A, et al. Non-communicable diseases and injuries in Pakistan: strategic priorities. Lancet. 2013;381(9885):2281–2290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Versporten A, et al. A multicenter point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in Punjab, Pakistan: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(4):285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand Paramadhas BD, Tiroyakgosi C, Mpinda-Joseph P, et al. Point prevalence study of antimicrobial use among hospitals across Botswana; findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(7):535–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versporten A, Zarb P, Caniaux I, et al. Antimicrobial consumption and resistance in adult hospital inpatients in 53 countries: results of an internet-based global point prevalence survey. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(6):e619–e29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dlamini NN, Meyer JC, Kruger D, et al. Feasibility of using point prevalence surveys to assess antimicrobial utilisation in public hospitals in south africa: a pilot study and implications. Hospital Practice. 2019;47(2):88-95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong M, Zeng LN, Zhang Q, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy in older adult asian patients with schizophrenia: research on Asian psychotropic prescription pattern. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2019;32(6):304–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong M, Zeng LN, Zhang Q, et al. Prescription of antipsychotic and concomitant medications for adult Asian schizophrenia patients: findings of the 2016 research on Asian psychotropic prescription patterns (REAP) survey. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;45:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik M, Ghani MU, Mazhar W, et al. Changing trends in anti-psychotic prescription pattern in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(3):653–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2017. [cited 2020 Jan 12]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/
   Google Scholar
• Riaz H, Godman B, Hussain S, et al. Prescribing of bisphosphonates and antibiotics in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities for the future. JPHSR. 2015;6:111–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Life Expectancy. [cited 2020 Jan 12]. Available from: www.worldlifeexpectancy.com
   Google Scholar
• Leposavić L, Dimitrijević D, Đorđević S, et al. Comorbidity of harmful use of alcohol in population of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatr Danub. 2015;27(1):0–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. Jama. 1990;264(19):2511–2518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. National centre for health statistics. International classification of diseases,tenth revision (ICD-10). [cited 2020 Jan 14]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
   Google Scholar
• Physicians’ Clinic of Iowa. P.C. Neurology questionnaire. [cited 2019 Dec 12]. Available from: https://www.pcofiowa.com/files/6514/0043/1586/Neuro_Questionnaire_0513.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim D, Bentall R. The medicalisation of misery: a critical realist analysis of the concept of depression. J Ment Health. 1999;8(3):261–274.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2017. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment. [cited 2020 Jan 8]. Available from: https://www.whocc.no/filearchive/publications/2017_guidelines_web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Marmot M. Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet. 2005;365(9464):1099–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachrach LL 1975. Marital status and mental disorder: an analytical review: US Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. National Institute of Mental Health.
   Google Scholar
• Williams DR, Takeuchi DT, Adair RK. Marital status and psychiatric disorders among blacks and whites. J Health Soc Behav. 1992;33(2):140-157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom BL, Asher SJ, White SW. Marital disruption as a stressor: A review and analysis. Psychol Bull. 1978;85(4):867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle MA, Scahill L, King R, et al. Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: phenomenology and family history. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29(5):766–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerleau OF, Downey KK, Stelson FW, et al. Cigarette smoking in adult patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse. 1995;7(3):373–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCabe RE, Chudzik SM, Antony MM, et al. Smoking behaviors across anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2004;18(1):7–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loranger AW, Sartorius N, Andreoli A, et al. The international personality disorder examination: The World Health Organization/ Alcohol,Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration international pilot study of personality disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(3):215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wig NN, Varma VK, Mattoo SK, et al. An incidence study of schizophrenia in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 1993;35(1):11–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussain G, Shahzad A, Anwar H, et al. Neurological disorder burden in Faisalabad, Punjab-Pakistan: data from the major tertiary carecenters of the city. PJNS. 2017;12(3):3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Castle DJ, Wessely S, Murray RM. Sex and schizophrenia: effects of diagnostic stringency, and associations with premorbid variables. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;162(5):658–664.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ochoa S, Usall J, Villalta-Gil V, et al. Influence of age at onset on social functioning in outpatients with schizophrenia. Eur J Psych. 2006;20(3):157–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher RL, Hanlon J, Hajjar ER. Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13(1):57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin A, Cadogan CA, Patterson SM, et al. Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;9:Cd008165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas RE, Thomas BC. A systematic review of studies of the STOPP/START 2015 and American geriatric society beers 2015 criteria in patients >/= 65 years. Curr Aging Sci. 2019;12(2):121–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ. 2004;329(7456):15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwar MR, Dar AR, Mahar SY, et al. Assessment of prescribing potentially inappropriate medications listed in Beers criteria and its association with the unplanned hospitalization: a cross-sectional study in Lahore, Pakistan. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:1485–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butool I, Nazir S, Afridi M, et al. Evaluation and assessment of prescribing patterns in elderly patients using two explicit criteria based screening tools: (The PRISCUS list and STOPP/START criteria). Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(6):1357–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urfer M, Elzi L, Dell-Kuster S, et al. Intervention to improve appropriate prescribing and reduce polypharmacy in elderly patients admitted to an internal medicine unit. PloS One. 2016;11(11):e0166359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwar MR, Iftikhar S, Sarfraz M. Influence of education level of older patients on polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medications listed in beer’s criteria, and unplanned hospitalization: a cross-sectional study in Lahore, Pakistan. Medicina. 2018;24;54(4):57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li XB, Tang YL, Wang CY, et al. Clozapine for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord. 2015;17(3):235–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciapparelli A, Dell’Osso L, Bandettini Di Poggio A, et al. Clozapine in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic bipolar disorder: a naturalistic 48-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(4):451–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler AJ. Treatment pathway and patterns of clozapine prescribing for schizophrenia in New Zealand. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(6):852–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RC, Leucht S, Davis JM. Maximizing response to first-line antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review focused on finding from meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019;236(2):545-559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, et al. Clozapine v. first- and second-generation antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(5):385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’osso B, Lader M. Do benzodiazepines still deserve a major role in the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A critical reappraisal. Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28(1):7–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton H. Protracted withdrawal syndromes from benzodiazepines. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1991;8(1–2):19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kripke DF. Greater incidence of depression with hypnotic use than with placebo. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto MW, Bruce SE, Deckersbach T. Benzodiazepine use, cognitive impairment, and cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: issues in the treatment of a patient in need. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl 2):34–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiihonen J, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Torniainen M, et al. Mortality and cumulative exposure to antipsychotics, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines in patients with schizophrenia: an observational follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):600–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson LL, Wettermark B, Godman B, et al. The ‘wise list’- a comprehensive concept to select, communicate and achieve adherence to recommendations of essential drugs in ambulatory care in Stockholm. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;108(4):224–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen J, Gustafsson LL, Ateva K, et al. High adherence to the ‘Wise List’ treatment recommendations in Stockholm: a 15-year retrospective review of a multifaceted approach promoting rational use of medicines. BMJ Open. 2017;7(4):e014345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health England. 2014. Mental health action plan: PHE response. [cited 2020 Jan 8]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mental-health-action-plan-phe-response
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Health. 2017. The fifth national mental health and suicide prevention plan. [cited 2020 Jan 8]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-fifth-national-mental-health-plan
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2013. Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013–2020. [cited 2020 Jan 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/action_plan_2013/en/
   Google Scholar
• Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Guarneri M, et al. Prescription of psychotropic drugs to patients with schizophrenia: an Italian national survey. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60(7):513–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison J, Janlöv M, Wheeler AJ. Patterns of clozapine prescribing in a mental health service in New Zealand. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32(4):503–511.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Land R, Siskind D, McArdle P, et al. The impact of clozapine on hospital use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;135(4):296–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani A, Reid K, Young AH, et al. Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(10):Cd003196.
   Google Scholar
• Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, Rendell J, et al. Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9712):385–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühn K-U, Quednow BB, Thiel M, et al. Antidepressive treatment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and major depression: a prospective study with three different antidepressants. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(6):674–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr JB, Flynn K. Smoking and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1992;8(2):93–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šagud M, Mihaljević-Peleš A, Mück-Šeler D, et al. Smoking and schizophrenia. Psychiatr Danub. 2009;21(3):371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff DC, Henderson DC, Amico E. Cigarette smoking in schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(9):1189–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2017. Smoking rates in UK falls to second-lowest in Europe. The Guardian.[cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jun/15/smoking-rate-in-uk-falls-to-second-lowest-in-europe
   Google Scholar
• Griesbach D, Amos A, Currie C. Adolescent smoking and family structure in Europe. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(1):41–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of national health services, regulations and coordination. Government of Pakistan. Tobacco Control Cell. 2018. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: http://www.tcc.gov.pk/
   Google Scholar
• Pakistan. 2005. Tobacco control laws. [cited 2020 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/legislation/country/pakistan/summary
   Google Scholar
• Bowie CR, Serper MR, Riggio S, et al. Neurocognition, symptomatology, and functional skills in older alcohol-abusing schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31(1):175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza DC, Gil RB, Madonick S, et al. Enhanced sensitivity to the euphoric effects of alcohol in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(12):2767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake RE, Osher FC, Wallach MA. Alcohol use and abuse in schizophrenia: a prospective community study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;177(7):408-414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Yarnold P, Bellack A. Diagnostic and demographic correlates of substance abuse in schizophrenia and major affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;85(1):48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Yarnold PR, Levinson DF, et al. Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16(1):31–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans GW, Kantrowitz E. Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23(1):303–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesdorffer DC, Tian H, Anand K, et al. Socioeconomic status is a risk factor for epilepsy in Icelandic adults but not in children. Epilepsia. 2005;46(8):1297–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattler C, Toro P, Schönknecht P, et al. Cognitive activity, education and socioeconomic status as preventive factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatry Res. 2012;196(1):90–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alanis-Guevara I, Pena E, Corona T, et al. Sleep disturbances, socioeconomic status, and seizure control as main predictors of quality of life in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;7(3):481–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lensi P, Cassano GB, Correddu G, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder: familial–developmental history, symptomatology, comorbidity and course with special reference to gender-related differences. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(1):101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmer C, Damon D, Letenneur L, et al. Marital status and risk of Alzheimer’s disease a French population-based cohort study. Neurology. 1999;53(9):1953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar