The Precautionary Principle Meets the Hill Criteria of Causation

References

• Ahteensuu, M., & Sandin, P. (2012). The Precautionary Principle. In: S. Roeser, R. Hillerbrand, P. Sandin, & M. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of risk theory (pp. 971–972). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, A. C., & Hart, P. D. (1968). Potentiation by silica of the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophage cultures. British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 49(5), 465–476. Retrieved from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2093898&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
   Google Scholar
• Berwick, D. M. (2005). Broadening the view of evidence based medicine. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 14, 315–316.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn, H., & Labarthe, D. (2012). Special article stories from the evolution of guidelines for causal inference in epidemiologic associations : 1953 – 1965. American Journal of Epidemiology, 176(12), 1071–1077.
   Google Scholar
• Bluhm, R. (2005). From hierarchy to network: A Richer view of evidence for evidence- based medicine. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 48(4), 535–547.
   Google Scholar
• Broadbent, A. (2013). Philosophy of epidemiology. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cesa-Bianchi, D., Staubinhalation und Lungentuberkulose. (1912). Zeitschrift. für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten. 73, 1. S. 166 ff.
   Google Scholar
• Churchyard, G., Corbett, E., Kleinschmidt, I., Mulder, D., & De Cock, K. (2000). Drug-resistant tuberculosis in south african gold miners: Incidence and associated factors. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 4(5), 433–440.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, B., Gilles, D., Illari, P., Russo, F., & Williamson, J. (2014). Mechanisms and the evidence hierarchy. Topoi, 33, 339–360.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, C., Colvin, M., Shishana, O., & Stoker, D. (2004). Epidemiology of HIV in South Africa - Results of a national, community-based survey. South African Medical Journal, 94(9), 776–781.
   Google Scholar
• Corbett, E. L., Churchyard, G. J., Clayton, T. C., Williams, B. G., Mulder, D., Hayes, R. J., & De Cock, K. M. (2000). HIV infection and silicosis: The impact of two potent risk factors on the incidence of mycobacterial disease in South African miners. AIDS (London, England), 14(17), 2759–2768.
   Google Scholar
• Cowie, R. L. (1994). The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 150(5I), 1460–1462.
   Google Scholar
• Cranor, C. (1993). Regulating toxic substances: A philosophy of science and the law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1950). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. British Medical Journal, 2(4682), 739–748.
   Google Scholar
• Dostert, C., Pétrilli, V., Van Bruggen, R., Steele, C., Mossman, B. T., & Tschopp, J. (2008). Asbestos and Silica. Science, 674(May), 674–677.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, H. (2009). Science and the value-free ideal. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ebina, E., Takahani, I., & Hasuika, U. (1960). Effects of quartz powder on tubercle bacilli and phagocytes. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 82, 516. 1960.
   Google Scholar
• EBM Working Group. (1992). Evidence based medicine: A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(17), 2420–2425.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, R. (2012). A century of miners’ compensation in South Africa. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 55(6), 560–569.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, R. (n.d.). The crisis of tuberculosis and silicosis in the South African mining industry. Retrieved from http://www.ehrn.co.za/download/lecture_series_04.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner, S. (2006). A core precautionary principle. Journal of Political Philosophy, 14, 33–60.
   Google Scholar
• Gee, D. (2008). Establishing evidence for early action: The prevention of reproductive and developmental harm. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 102(2), 257–266.
   Google Scholar
• Gee, D. (2013). Chapter 27: More or less precaution? In Late Lessons from Early Warnings: Science, Precaution, Innovation, 643–669.
   Google Scholar
• Greenland, S. (2000). An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists. International Journal of Epidemiology, 29, 722–729.
   Google Scholar
• Hanifa, Y., Grant, A. D., Lewis, J., Corbett, E. L., Fielding, K., & Churchyard, G. (2009). Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among gold miners in South Africa. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 13(1), 39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Hartzell-Nichols, L. (2017). A climate of risk: Precautionary principles, catastrophes, and climate change. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, T., Haston, K., Tsui, M., Hoang, A., Haeffele, C., & Vonk, A. (2002). Herbicides: Feminization of male frogs in the wild brief communications. Nature, 419, 895–896.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, A. B. (1965). The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58, 295–300. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1898525&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
   Google Scholar
• Hill, A. B. (1990). Memories of the British streptomycin trial. Controlled Clinical Trials, 2, 77–79.
   Google Scholar
• Hnizdo, E., & Murray, J. (1998). Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(7), 496–502.
   Google Scholar
• Hnizdo, E., Singh, T., & Churchyard, G. (2000). Chronic pulmonary function impairment caused by initial and recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis following treatment. Thorax, 55(1), 32–38.
   Google Scholar
• Howick, J. (2011). The philosophy of evidence-based medicine. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Howick, J., Glasziou, P., & Aronson, J. K. (2009). The evolution of evidence hierarchies: What can Bradford Hill’s “guidelines for causation” contribute? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(5), 186–194.
   Google Scholar
• John, S. (2015). Inductive risk and the contexts of communication. Synthese, 192(1), 79–96.
   Google Scholar
• Kettle, E. H. (1924). The demonstration by the fixation abscess of the influence of Silica in determining B. Tuberculosis infections. Silica and Experimental Tuberculosis, 5(1), 158–165.
   Google Scholar
• Kriebel, D., Tickner, J., Epstein, P., Lemons, J., Levins, R., Loechler, E., Quinn, M., Rudel, R., Schettler, T., & Stoto, M. (2001). The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(9), 871–876.
   Google Scholar
• Kundi, M. (2006). Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(7), 969–974.
   Google Scholar
• Landes, J., Osimani, B., & Poellinger, R. (2017). Epistemology of causal inference in pharmacology: Towards a framework for the assessment of harms. European Journal for the Philosophy of Science. doi:10.1007/s13194-017-0169-1
   Google Scholar
• Mackie, J. (1980). The cement of the universe: A study of causation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Makhubu, N. (2015). South African buckling under strain of deadly TB. Retrieved from www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/
   Google Scholar
• Mallory, K. F., Churchyard, G. J., Kleinschmidt, I., De Cock, K. M., & Corbett, E. L. (2000). The impact of HIV infection on recurrence of tuberculosis in South African gold miners. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 4(5), 455–462.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. (2006). Introduction to randomized controlled clinical trials (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Maverick, D. (2016). GroundUp: Mines not liable for TB, silicosis hearing told. Retrieved from http://firstthing.dailymaverick.co.za/article?id=71980#.V9gwH4WcFm9
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. (2009). Unsimple truths: Science, complexity, and policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Munthe, C. (2011). The price of precaution and the ethics of risk. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, G. (2013). Occupational respiratory diseases in the South African mining industry climate change. Global Health Action, 19520, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, B. (2005). Sustainability: A philosophy of adaptive ecosystem management. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parascandola, M., Weed, D. L., & Dasgupta, A. (2006). Two Surgeon General’s reports on smoking and cancer : A historical investigation of the practice of causal inference. BioMed Central, 11, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. (2007). Should the precautionary principle guide our actions or our. Journal of Medical Ethics, 5–11. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.015495
   Google Scholar
• Pettricrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2003). Evidence, hierarchies, and typologies: Horses for courses. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 527–529.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, C. V., & Goodman, K. J. (2004). The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations : EP+I, 1(1), 3.
   Google Scholar
• Rees, D., & Murray, J. (2007). Silica, silicosis and tuberculosis. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11(5), 474–484.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, R. A., & Ganey, P. E. (2010). Intrinsic versus idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity — Two villains or one? The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 332(3), 692–697.
   Google Scholar
• Rothman, K. J., & Greenland, S. (2005). Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. American Journal of Public Health, 95(SUPPL. 1), 144–150.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. (2006). Matched sampling for causal effects. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rudner, R. (1953). The scientist qua scientist makes value judgments. Philosophy of Science, 20, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Russo, F., & Williamson, J. (2007). Interpreting causality in the health sciences. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 21(2), 157–170.
   Google Scholar
• Sandin, P., Peterson, M., Hansson, S. O., & Rudén, C. (2016). Five charges against the precautionary principle. Journal of Risk Research, 9877(September). doi:10.1080/1366987011007372
   Google Scholar
• Snider, D. (1978). The relationship between tuberculosis and Silicosis. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 118(1), 455–460.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, M. (2015). Making medical knowledge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spirtes, P., Glymour, C., & Scheines, R. (2000). Causation, prediction, and search (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, D. (2008). Across the boundaries: Extrapolation in biology and social science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, D. (2010). Epistemic values and the argument from inductive risk. Philosophy of Science, 77(1), 14–34.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, D. (2015). Philosophy and the precautionary principle: Science, evidence, and environmental policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, D. (2016). Climate change and second-order uncertainty: Defending a generalized, normative, and structural argument from inductive risk. Perspectives on Science, 24(6), 696–721.
   Google Scholar
• Stegenga, J. (2011). Is meta-analysis the platinum standard of evidence? Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42(4), 497–507.
   Google Scholar
• Stuckler, D., Steele, S., Lurie, M., & Basu, S. (2013). Introduction: “dying for gold”: The effects of mineral miningon HIV, tuberculosis, silicosis, and occupational diseases in southern Africa. International Journal of Health Services, 43(4), 639–649.
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. (2005). Laws of fear: Beyond the precautionary principle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• teWaternaude, J. M., Ehrlich, R. I., Churchyard, G. J., Pemba, L., Dekker, K., Vermeis, M., … Myers, J. E. (2006). Tuberculosis and silica exposure in South African gold miners. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(3), 187–192.
   Google Scholar
• Trouwborst, A. (2006). Precautionary rights and duties of states. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
   Google Scholar
• Vorwald, A., Dowaorski, M., Pratt, P., & Delahand, A. (1954). BCG vaccination in silicosis. American Review Tuberculosis, 69, 766.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2014). Southern Africa tackles tuberculosis in the mining industry. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/03/24/southern-africa-tackles-tuberculosis-in-the-mining-industry
   Google Scholar
• Worrall, J. (2002). What evidence in evidence-based medicine? Philosophy of Science, 69(S3), S316–S330.
   Google Scholar
• Worrall, J. (2007). Evidence in medicine and evidence-based medicine. Philosophy Compass, 6, 981–1022.
   Google Scholar
• Zoeller, R. T., Bergman, A., Becher, G., Bjerregaard, P., Bornman, R., Brandt, I., … Vandenberg, L. N. (2014). A path forward in the debate over health impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Environmental Health, 13, 1–11.
   Google Scholar