416
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Doctors under the microscope: the birth of medical audit

, , &
Pages 23-47 | Received 01 Sep 2011, Accepted 01 Dec 2012, Published online: 14 Mar 2013

References

  • Agnew , H. 1951 . The Medical Audit . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 64 ( 2 ) : 170
  • Ballard , D. J. , Spreadbury , B. and Hopkins , R. S. III . 2004 . Health Care Quality Improvement Across the Baylor Health Care System: The First Century . Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings , 17 ( 3 ) : 277 – 288 .
  • Bancroft , F. W. 1916 . The Follow Up System. The Methods Employed upon the Second Surgical Division of the New York Hospital . Johns Hopkins Bulletin , 27 ( 305 ) : 201 – 208 .
  • Barr , D. A. 2011 . Revolution or Evolution? Putting the Flexner Report in Context . Medical Education , 45 ( 1 ) : 17 – 22 . (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03850.x)
  • Berry , C. E. 1954 . Medical Audit Is a Doctors’ Task. But Administration Must Help . Hospital Progress , 35 ( 5 ) : 81 – 82 .
  • Berry , A. 1997 . ‘Balancing the Books’: Funding Provincial Hospitals in Eighteenth Century England . Accounting, Business & Financial History , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 30 . (doi:10.1080/095852097330748)
  • Boelen , C. 2002 . A New Paradigm for Medical Schools a Century after Flexner's Report . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 80 ( 2 ) : 592 – 593 .
  • Bowman , J. G. 1917 . The Standardization of Hospitals . Boston Medical and Surgical Journal , 177 ( 9 ) : 283 – 286 . (doi:10.1056/NEJM191708301770905)
  • Bowman , J. G. 1919 . Case Records and Their Use . Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons , 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
  • Brand , R. A. 2009 . Ernest Amory Codman, MD, 1869–1940 . Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research , 467 ( 11 ) : 2763 – 2765 . (doi:10.1007/s11999-009-1047-8)
  • Butler , J. J. and Quinlan , J. W. 1958 . Internal Audit in the Department of Medicine of a Community Hospital . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 167 ( 5 ) : 567 – 572 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1958.02990220037011)
  • Capps , J. A. 1917 . Efficiency Tests Applied to the Attending and House Physicians of the Cook County Hospital, Chicago . Boston Medical and Surgical Journal , 177 ( 9 ) : 286 – 287 . (doi:10.1056/NEJM191708301770907)
  • Cherry , S. 1996 . Accountability, Entitlement, and Control Issues and Voluntary Hospital Funding c1860–1939 . Social History of Medicine , 9 ( 2 ) : 215 – 233 . (doi:10.1093/shm/9.2.215)
  • Codman , E. A. 1914 . The Product of a Hospital . Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics , 18 ( Apr. ) : 491 – 496 .
  • Codman , E. A. 1916 . Report of the Hospital Standardization Committee . Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics , 22 ( Jan.–Jun. ) : 119 – 120 .
  • Codman , E. A. 1918 . A study in hospital efficiency , Boston : Thomas Todd Co .
  • Codman , E. A. 1924 . The Registry of Bone Sarcomas as an Example of the End-Result Idea in Hospital Organization . Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons , 8 : 34 – 38 . Reprinted in 2009, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 467 (11): 2766–2770.
  • Codman , E. A. 1926 . Registry of Bone Sarcoma: Part I.-Twenty-Five Criteria for Establishing the Diagnosis of Osteogenic Sarcoma. Part II.-Thirteen Registered Cases of ‘Five Years Cures’ Analyzed According These Criteria . Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics , 42 : 381 – 393 . Reprinted in 2009, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 467 (11): 2771–2782.
  • Corscaden , J. A. 1916 . The Follow Up System of the Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 66 ( 11 ) : 802 – 804 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1916.02580370022009)
  • Darr , K. 2007 . Quality Improvements: The Pioneers . Hospital Topics , 85 ( 4 ) : 35 – 38 . (doi:10.3200/HTPS.85.4.35-38)
  • Dent , M. 1991 . “ Autonomy and the Medical Profession: Medical Audit and Management Control ” . In The Non-manual Labour Process , Edited by: Smith , C. , Knights , D. and Willmott , H. 65 – 87 . Houndsmill : Macmillan .
  • Dent , M. 1993 . Professionalism, Educated Labour and the State: Hospital Medicine and the New Managerialism . The Sociological Review , 41 ( 2 ) : 244 – 273 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1993.tb00065.x)
  • Dent , M. 1995 . “ Doctors, Peer Review and Quality Assurance ” . In Health Professions and the State in Europe , Edited by: Johnson , T. , Larking , G. and Saks , M. 86 – 102 . London : Routledge .
  • DiPiro , J. 2008 . The 21st Century Abraham Flexner . American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education , 72 ( 4 ) : 79 (doi:10.5688/aj720479)
  • Dodds , A. T. 1993 . Richard Cabot: Medical Reformer During the Progressive Era (1890–1920) . Annals of Internal Medicine , 119 ( 5 ) : 417 – 422 .
  • Donabedian , A. 1966 . Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care . The Milbank Quarterly , 44 ( 3 ) : 166 – 209 .
  • Donabedian , A. 1968 . Promoting Quality Through Evaluating the Process of Patient Care . Medical Care , 6 ( 3 ) : 181 – 202 . (doi:10.1097/00005650-196805000-00001)
  • Donabedian , A. 1988 . The Quality of Care. How It Can be Assessed? . Journal of the American Medical Association , 260 ( 12 ) : 1743 – 1748 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410120089033)
  • Donabedian , A. 1989 . The End Results of Health Care: Ernest Codman's Contribution to Quality Assessment and Beyond . The Milbank Quarterly , 67 ( 2 ) : 233 – 256 . (doi:10.2307/3350139)
  • Editorial Comments . 1959 . The Medical Audit . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 81 ( 11 ) : 934 – 935 .
  • Editorial . 1919 . Hospital Standardization . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 72 ( 13 ) : 941 (doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610130035014)
  • Editorial . 1950 . Medical Audits in Hospitals . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 63 ( 6 ) : 605
  • Eisele , W. C. 1956 . The Medical Audit Should Not Imply Punishment . The Modern Hospital , 105 ( 6 ) : 70 – 72 .
  • Flexner , A. 1910 . Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , New York : Carnegie Foundation . Carnegie Foundation Bulletin No. 4.
  • Gibson , C. L. 1916 . A Surgical ‘Follow-Up’ System . Annals of Surgey , 64 ( 3 ) : 349 – 352 . (doi:10.1097/00000658-191609000-00013)
  • Gogan , I. 1959 . A Method of Medical Audit . Hospital Progress , : 66 – 67 . 128.
  • Halperin , E. C. 2011 . Abraham Flexner and the Evolution of the Modern Medical School . Medical Education , 45 ( 1 ) : 10 – 12 . (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03899.x)
  • Harm , W. B. 1955 . A Medical Audit Is a Medical Education . Modern Hospital , 85 ( 4 ) : 62 – 65 .
  • Harman , D. and Martin , G. 1992 . Managers and Medical Audit . Health Services Management , 88 ( 2 ) : 27 – 29 .
  • Hawley , P. R. 1954 . Developing the Medical Audit . Modern Hospital , 83 ( 3 ) : 97 – 100 .
  • Herman , A. M. 1952 . Medical Audit a Symposium. An Administrator Speaks . Canadian Hospital , 29 ( 2 ) : 33
  • Holden , A. , Funnell , W. and Oldroyd , D. 2009 . Accounting and the Moral Economy of Illness in Victorian England: The Newcastle Infirmary . Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , 22 ( 4 ) : 525 – 552 . (doi:10.1108/09513570910955434)
  • Holden , J. D. 1999 . Audit in British General Practice: Domination or Disillusionment? . Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice , 5 ( 3 ) : 313 – 322 . (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2753.1999.00190.x)
  • Howard , A. A. 1915 . Hospital Efficiency as Produced and Measured by a Follow-up System . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 65 ( 23 ) : 1962 – 1965 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1915.02580230004002)
  • Jackson , W. J. 2012 . ‘The Collector Will Call’: Controlling Philanthropy Through the Annual Reports of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 1837–1856 . Accounting History Review , 22 ( 1 ) : 21 – 46 . (doi:10.1080/21552851.2012.653132)
  • Jackson, W. J. 2010. “Accounting as a Mechanism of Governmentality in the Creation of a British Hospital System.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh.
  • Johnson , L. W. 1955a . Questions Concerning the Medical Audit . Hospital Progress , 84 ( 3 ) : 106 – 112 .
  • Johnson , L. W. 1955b . Make the Most of Medical Audit . Hospital Progress , 84 ( 4 ) : 96 – 104 .
  • Johnson , L. W. 1956 . Rx for Sick Hospitals: The Medical Audit . Modern Hospital , 86 ( 5 ) : 87 – 102 .
  • Jones , M. J. and Mellett , H. J. 2007 . Determinants of Change in Accounting Practices: Accounting and the UK Health Service . Critical Perspectives on Accounting , 18 ( 1 ) : 91 – 121 . (doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2005.05.003)
  • Klicka , K. S. 1948 . The Use and Mechanics of the Medical Audit . Hospitals , 22 ( 1 ) : 43 – 45 .
  • Krause , C. D. 1953 . The Merits of Medical Audit . Modern Hospital , 81 ( 6 ) : 85 – 86 .
  • Lacombe-Saboly , M. 1997 . Hospital Accounts and Accounting Systems: A Study in the French Region of Toulouse from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century . Accounting, Business & Financial History , 7 ( 3 ) : 259 – 280 . (doi:10.1080/095852097330630)
  • Lapsley , I. and Robbins , G. 2008 . Irish Voluntary Hospitals: An Examination of a Theory of Voluntary Failure . Accounting, Business & Financial History , 18 ( 1 ) : 61 – 80 . (doi:10.1080/09585200701824757)
  • Lembcke , P. A. 1952 . Measuring the Quality of Medical Care Through Vital Statistics Based on Hospital Service Areas: 1. Comparative Study of Appendectomy Rates . American Journal of Public Health , 42 ( 3 ) : 276 – 286 . (doi:10.2105/AJPH.42.3.276)
  • Lembcke , P. A. 1956 . Medical Auditing by Scientific Methods. Illustrated by Major Female Pelvic Surgery . Journal of the American Medical Association , 162 ( 7 ) : 646 – 655 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1956.72970240010009)
  • Lembcke , P. A. 1967 . Evolution of Medical Audit . Journal of the American Medical Association , 199 ( 8 ) : 543 – 550 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1967.03120080077012)
  • Letourneau , C. U. 1954 . Professional Accounting and Medical Audit . Hospital Progress , 35 ( 10 ) : 72 – 73 .
  • Levay , C. and Waks , C. 2009 . Professions and the Pursuit of Transparency in Healthcare: Two Cases of Soft Autonomy . Organization Studies , 30 ( 5 ) : 509 – 527 . (doi:10.1177/0170840609104396)
  • Lewis , C. E. 1974 . The State of the Art of Quality Assessment: 1973 . Medical Care , 12 ( 10 ) : 799 – 806 . (doi:10.1097/00005650-197410000-00001)
  • MacEachern , M. T. 1922 . Some Hospitalization Problems – Hospital Standardization . The Canadian Medical Association Journal , 12 ( 8 ) : 520 – 526 .
  • MacEachern , M. T. 1952 . Examining the Present Status of the Medical Audit . Hospitals , 26 ( 12 ) : 49 – 51 . 71–73.
  • Mallon, W. J. 2007. “E. Amory Codman.” American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Bulletin. Accessed February 22, 2013. www.aaos.org/news/bulletin/janfeb07/research1.asp
  • Morehead , M. A. 1967 . The Medical Audit as an Operational Tool . American Journal of Public Health , 57 ( 9 ) : 1643 – 1656 . (doi:10.2105/AJPH.57.9.1643)
  • Munter , E. J. and Berke , M. 1958 . The Care of the Long-Term Patient: A Review of the Administration of Present Programs . Journal of Chronic Diseases , 7 ( 2–3 ) : 144 – 177 . (doi:10.1016/0021-9681(58)90015-8)
  • Myers , R. S. 1957 . A New Concept of the Medical Audit . Hospitals, Journal of the American Hospitals Association , 31 ( 13 ) : 49 – 51 .
  • Myers , R. S. and Slee , V. N. 1956 . Basic Ingredients of a Medical Audit . The Modern Hospital , 86 ( 4 ) : 62 – 65 .
  • Myers , R. S. , Slee , V. N. and Hoffmann , R. G. 1955 . The Medical Audit Protects the Patient, Helps the Physician, and Serves the Hospital . The Modern Hospital , 85 ( 3 ) : 77 – 83 .
  • Myers , R. S. and Stephenson , G. W. 1954 . Evaluation Form for Tissue Committees. Suggested Method for Tabulating Decision as to Justification for Surgery . Journal of the American Medical Association , 156 ( 17 ) : 1577 – 1579 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1954.02950170031010)
  • Obituary . 1956 . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 160 ( 7 ) : 577 (doi:10.1001/jama.1956.02960420057017)
  • Packwood , T. , Kerrison , S. and Buxton , M. 1994 . The Implementation of Medical Audit . Social Policy and Administration , 28 ( 4 ) : 299 – 316 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.1994.tb00448.x)
  • Phemister , D. B. 1938 . Allen B. Kanavel . Annals of Surgey , 108 ( 2 ) : 161 – 162 . (doi:10.1097/00000658-193808000-00001)
  • Plewes , B. 1959 . Medical Audit . Canadiam Medical Association Journal , 81 ( 2 ) : 113 – 114 .
  • Pollitt , C. J. 1990 . Doing Business in the Temple? Managers and Quality Assurance in the Public Services . Public Administration , 68 ( 4 ) : 435 – 452 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1990.tb00771.x)
  • Pollitt , C. J. 1993 . Audit and Accountability: The Missing Dimension? . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 86 ( 4 ) : 209 – 211 .
  • Ponton , T. R. 1939 . The Medical Staff in the Hospital , 1 , Chicago , IL : Physicians’ Record . (1953, 2nd ed. Revised by MacEachern).
  • Power , M. 1997 . The Audit Society. Rituals of Verification , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Roberts , J. S. , Coale , J. G. and Redman , R. R. 1987 . A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals . Journal of the American Medical Association , 258 ( 7 ) : 936 – 940 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03400070074038)
  • Robson , N. 2003 . From Voluntary to State Control and the Emergence of the Department in the UK Hospital . Accounting, Business & Financial History , 13 ( 2 ) : 99 – 123 . (doi:10.1080/095852000084969)
  • Robson , N. 2006 . The Road to Uniformity: Accounting Change in UK Voluntary Hospitals 1880–1920 . Accounting & Business Research , 36 ( 4 ) : 271 – 288 . (doi:10.1080/00014788.2006.9730028)
  • Ruef , M. and Scott , W. R. 1998 . A Multidimensional Model of Organizational Legitimacy: Hospital Survival in Changing Insitutional Environments . Administrative Science Quarterly , 43 ( 4 ) : 877 – 904 . (doi:10.2307/2393619)
  • Sanazaro , P. J. 1976 . Medical Audit, Continuing Medical Education and Quality Assurance . The Western Journal of Medicine , 125 ( 3 ) : 241 – 252 .
  • Scarparo , S. 2011 . Clinical Audit, Guidelines and Standards: A Productive Relation for Managing Clinical Practices . Financial Accountability and Management , 27 ( 1 ) : 83 – 101 . (doi:10.1111/j.1468-0408.2010.00517.x)
  • Scott , W. R. 1995 . Insitutions and Organizations , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Sereda , M. M. and Hanson , S. 1952 . Medical Audit: A Symposium. Viewpoint of Medical Staff . Canadian Hospital , 29 ( 2 ) 34, 92.
  • Seville , M. A. 1987 . The Evolution of Voluntary Health and Welfare Organization Accounting: 1910–1985 . The Accounting Historians Journal , 14 ( 1 ) : 57 – 82 .
  • Sewall , L. and Berger , D. 1959 . A Medical Audit Plan for Psychiatric Hospitals . Mental Hospital , 10 ( 9 ) : 7 – 9 .
  • Sewall , L. G. and Davidson , H. A. 1956 . A Medical Audit Plan for Psychiatric Hospitals . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 113 ( 2 ) : 122 – 125 .
  • Shapiro , S. 1967 . End Result Measurements of Quality of Medical Care . The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly , 45 ( 2 Part 1 ) : 7 – 30 . (doi:10.2307/3348838)
  • Silver , G. A. 1990 . Paul Anthony Lembcke, MD, MPH: A Pioneer in Medical Care Evaluation . American Journal of Public Health , 80 ( 3 ) : 342 – 348 . (doi:10.2105/AJPH.80.3.342)
  • Simmons , C. C. 1917 . The Follow-up System . Boston Medical and Surgical Journal , 177 ( 9 ) : 275 – 279 . (doi:10.1056/NEJM191708301770901)
  • Sister Justina , D. C. 1954 . The Why and How of the Medical Audit . Hospital Progress , 35 ( 2 ) : 56 – 58 .
  • Slee , V. N. 1965a . The Medical Audit . Hospital Progress , 46 ( Jan. ) : 106 – 109 .
  • Slee , V. N. 1965b . Medical Audit Is Best Method of Meeting Utilization Review Need . The Modern Hospital , 105 ( 6 ) : 70 – 72 .
  • Smith , A. W. 1953 . The Medical Audit Gives the Answers . Modern Hospital , 80 ( 3 ) : 88 – 91 .
  • Smith , H. E. , Russell , G. I. , Frew , A. J. and Dawes , P. T. 1992 . Medical Audit: The Differing Perspectives of Managers and Clinicians . Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London , 26 ( 2 ) : 177 – 180 .
  • Stanton , E. M. D. 1917 . A Uniform and Generally Applicable System for Reporting Surgical End-Results . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 69 ( 26 ) : 2166 – 2167 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1917.02590530008003)
  • The Scottish Office . 1989 . Medical Audit. Scottish Working Paper , Edinburgh : Her Majesty's Stationary Office .
  • The Secretary of State for Health . 1989 . Working for Patients , London : Her Majesty's Stationary Office .
  • Van Peursem , K. A. , Pratt , M. J. and Tower , G. 1996 . Reporting for the New Zealand Health Sector: A History of Public or Private Interest? . Accounting, Business & Financial History , 6 ( 2 ) : 183 – 201 . (doi:10.1080/09585209600000038)
  • Ward , G. G. Jr . 1918 . Hospital Standardization and Its Application to the Organization of a Special Hospital . The American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children , 78 ( Jul.–Dec. ) : 65 – 78 .
  • Warner , A. R. 1919 . Hospital Standardization with Special Reference to Medical Educational Work in Hospitals . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 72 ( 13 ) : 914 – 916 . (doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610130008003)
  • Weinerman , R. E. 1951 . The Quality of Medical Care . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 273 ( Jan. ) : 185 – 191 . (doi:10.1177/000271625127300125)
  • Williamson , J. W. 1997 . A Personal Tribute to Kerr L. White, M. D., My Career Mentor, Colleague and Friend . Health Service Research , 32 ( 1 ) : 22 – 31 .
  • Wrege , C. D. 1983 . Medical Men and Scientific Management: A Forgotten Chapter in Management History . Review of Business and Economic Research , 18 ( Fall ) : 32 – 47 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.