276
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Trial by fire: the Ford Foundation and MALDEF in the 1960s

Pages 661-676 | Received 26 Mar 2017, Accepted 22 Sep 2018, Published online: 26 Nov 2018

References

  • Albiston, Catherine R., and Laura Beth Nielsen. 2014. “Funding the Cause: How Public Interest Law Organizations Fund Their Activities and Why It Matters for Social Change.” Law & Social Inquiry 39 (1): 75, 81–88. Winter 2014. doi: 10.1111/lsi.12013
  • Brest, Paul. 1971. Letter to Leonard Ryan. December 29, 1971. Ford Foundation Box# 5909 Grant#06800248 (Roll 84) Rockefeller Center Archives.
  • Brest, Paul. 1972. Letter to Leonard Ryan. July 12, 1972. Ford Foundation Box# 5909 Grant#06800248 (Roll 84) Rockefeller Center Archives Research.
  • Cardenas, Leo. 1969. “Chicano Goes to Court Mexican-American Supported.” Corpus Christi Caller Times. May 3, 1969.
  • Castillo, Ed. 1970. “MALDEF Eyes Ultimatum.” The San Antonio Light, March 18, 1970.
  • Chen, Alan, and Scott L Cummings. 2013. Public Interest Lawyering: A Contemporary Perspective. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ch. 1.
  • Clark, Peter B., and James Q. Wilson. 1961. “Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly 6 (2): 129–166. doi: 10.2307/2390752
  • Davenport, Joe. “Villa Coronado Sewer Ditch Ruled Health Menace By Jury.” San Antonio Express News. August 8, 1970.
  • Dressner, Howard R. 1973. Memorandum to McGeorge Bundy. April 17, 1973. Ford Foundation Box# 5909 Grant#06800248 (Roll 84) E Rockefeller Archives Center.
  • Faber, Daniel R., and Deborah McCarthy. 2005. “Foundations for Social Change: Critical Perspectives on Philanthropy and Popular Movements.” In Foundations for Social Change: Critical Perspectives on Philanthropy and Popular Movements, edited by Daniel R. Faber, and Deborah McCarthy, 3–32. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Ferguson, Karen. 2013. Top Down: The Ford Foundation, Black Power, and the Reinvention of Racial Liberalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Ford Foundation. 1984. Hispanics: Challenges and Opportunities. A Look at the Demographic, Economic, Social, and Political Situation of Hispanics in the United States Today, and at the Ford Foundation's Initiatives to Address the Needs and Impact of this Growing Population. Working Paper No. 435.
  • Galanter, Marc. 1974. “Why the “Haves” Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change.” Law and Society Review 9 (1): 95–160. doi: 10.2307/3053023
  • García, Ignacio M. 2002. Hector P. García: In Relentless Pursuit of Justice. Houston: Arte Público Press.
  • Gillion, Daniel Q. 2013. The Political Power of Protest: Minority Activism and Shifts in Public Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Greenberg, Jack. 1972. Letter to Mario G. Obledo. January 31. 1972. Police Memos. 1972 RG 1 Box 6 Folder 11. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Greenberg, Jack. 1977. Reminiscences of Jack Greenberg. 1977. Columbia Oral History Archives, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York.
  • Greenberg, Jack. 2011. Interview by Joseph Mosnier.  July 18, 2011.  Civil Rights History Project.  Interview completed by the Southern Oral History Program under contract to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African American History & Culture and the Library of Congress, 2011
  • Grover, Nell Fenner. “Crystal City Told to Include Puente.” San Antonio Express News. April 4, 1970. Rockefeller Brothers Foundation. Record Group RG3. Box 557. Folder 3340.
  • Guajardo, M. A. 2004. “The Impact of Brown on the Brown of South Texas: A Micropolitical Perspective on the Education of Mexican Americans in a South Texas Community.” American Educational Research Journal 41 (3): 501. doi: 10.3102/00028312041003501
  • Handler, Joel F. 1978. Social Movements and the Legal System: A Theory of Law Reform and Social Change. New York: Academic Press.
  • Hansen, John Mark. 1985. “The Political Economy of Group Membership.” American Political Science Review 79 (1): 79–96. doi: 10.2307/1956120
  • Hilbink, Thomas Miguel. 2006. “Constructing Cause Lawyering: Professionalism, Politics, and Social Change in 1960s America.” PhD diss., New York University, 3.
  • Ibanez, Richard A. 1969. Letter to Albert Armendariz. June 23, 1969. Box 9 Folder 7, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Jenkins, J. Craig. 1985. The Politics of Insurgency: The Farm Worker Movement in the 1960s. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Jenkins, J. Craig. 2006. “Nonprofit Organizations and Political Advocacy.” In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, edited by Walter W. Powell, and Richard Steinberg. New Haven: Yale University Press, 313.
  • Jenkins, J. Craig, and Craig M. Eckert. 1986. “Channeling Black Insurgency: Elite Patronage and Professional Social Movement Organizations in the Development of the Black Movement.” American Sociological Review 51 (6): 812–829. doi: 10.2307/2095369
  • Jenkins, J. Craig, and Abigail Halcli. 1999. “Grassrooting the System? The Development and Impact of Social Movement Philanthropy.” In Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities, edited by Ellen Condliffe Lagemann, 229–256. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • López, Gerald P. 1992. Rebellious Lawyering: One Chicano's Vision of Progressive Law Practice. Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Mahoney, Barry. 1973. Memorandum to R. Harcourt Dodds. August 17, 1973. Ford Foundation Box# 5909 Grant#06800248 (Roll 84) Rockefeller Center Archives Research July 9, 2013 B.
  • MALDEF Executive Committee Board of Directors. 1971. Minutes. January 23, 1971. Box 10 Folder 14, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • “Maldef Will Defend Mayor.” The San Antonio Light. March 6, 1971.
  • Marquez, Benjamin. 1993. LULAC: The Evolution of a Mexican American Political Organization. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Marquez, Benjamin. 2003. “Mexican-American Political Organizations and Philanthropy: Bankrolling a Social Movement.” Social Service Review 77 (3): 329–346. September 2003. doi: 10.1086/375794
  • Martinez, Vilma S. 1974. Memorandum to Jim Heidelberg. June 19, 1974. Box 12 Folder 3, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • McCann, Michael, and Helena Silverstein. 1998. “Rethinking Law’s ‘Allurements’: A Relational Analysis of Social Movement Lawyers in the United States.” In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, edited by Austin Sarat, and Stuart A. Scheingold, 261–292. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • McCarthy, J. D., and M. N. Zald. 2001. “The Enduring Vitality of the Resource Mobilization Theory of Social Movements.” In Handbook of Sociological Theory, 533–565. New York: Springer Science & Business Media B.V.
  • Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. 1998. “The Causes of Cause Lawyering: Toward an Understanding of the Motivation and Commitment of Social Justice Lawyers.” In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, edited by Austin Sarat, and Stuart Scheingold, 31–68. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. 1970a. Board of Directors Meeting Minutes. March 13, 1970. RG 1 Box 4 Folder 4. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections.
  • Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. 1970b. Second Annual Report to the Ford Foundation. Ford Foundation Box 5911 Grant 06800248 (Roll 87) Rockefeller Center Archives Research July 10, 2013 E Reel 7503.
  • Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. 1974. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Docket Litigation Department. April 1974. Ford Foundation Box 5911 Grant 06800248 (Roll 87) Reel 7503 D Rockefeller Center Archives
  • Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. 1976. Minutes Executive Committee Meeting. February 28, 1976. Box 27 Folder 2, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Minkoff, Debra C. 1995. Organizing for Equality: The Evolution of Women’s and Racial-Ethnic Organizations in America, 1955-1985. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995.
  • Minkoff, Debra, and Jon Agnone. 2010. “Consolidating Social Change: The Consequences of Foundation Funding for Developing Social Movement Infrastructures.” In American Foundations Roles and Contributions, edited by Helmut K. Anheier, and David C. Hammack, 347–367. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Moe, Terry M. 1980. “A Calculus of Group Membership.” American Journal of Political Science 24 (4): 593–632. doi: 10.2307/2110950
  • Morris, Aldon D. 1986. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: Free Press; Collier Macmillan.
  • Muñoz, Carlos. 2007. Youth, Identity, Power: The Chicano Movement. London: Verso.
  • Nicolau, Siobhan. 1969. Letter to Mike Sviridoff. May 7, 1969. Box 6 Folder 11, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0748, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Nicolau, Siobhan O., and Henry Santiestevan. 1991. “Looking Back: A Grantee-Grantor View of the Early Years of the Council of La Raza.” In Hispanics and the Nonprofit Sector, edited by Herman E Gallegos, and Michael O'Neill, 49–66. New York: Foundation Center.
  • Obledo, Mario G. 1969a. Memorandum to Committee on Policy – MALDEF Board. August 7, 1969. Box 9 Folder 7, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Obledo, Mario G. 1969b. Memorandum to Committee on Policy – MALDEF Board. August 13, 1969. Box 9 Folder 7, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Obledo, Mario. 1969c. Recommendations on Priorities. August 7, 1969. RG 1 Box 9 Folder 7. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections.
  • Obledo, Mario. 1970. Memo to Board of Directors. March 14, 1970. RG 1 Box 4 Folder 6. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections.
  • Obledo, Mario G. 1971a. “MALDEF: Its Litigation Function.” March 1971. Rockefeller Brothers Foundation. Record Group RG3. Box 557. Folder 3343.
  • Obledo, Mario G. 1971b. Memorandum to Associate Counsel. December 14, 1971. Police Memos. 1972 RG 1 Box 6 Folder 11. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Obledo, Mario. 1973a. G. Letter to Cesar Chavez. March 13, 1973. Ford Foundation Box 5911 Grant 06800248 (Roll 87) Rockefeller Center Archives Research July 10, 2013 D Reel 7503.
  • Obledo, Mario G. 1973b. Memorandum to Staff Attorneys. April 18, 1973. Box 172 Folder 1, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • O’Connor, Alice. 2010. “Foundations, Social Movements, and the Contradictions of Liberal Philanthropy.” In American Foundations Roles and Contributions, edited by Helmut K. Anheier, and David C. Hammack, 328–346. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Ortega, Joe C. 1971. Memorandum to Mario Obledo. December 27, 1971. Police Memos. 1972 RG 1 Box 6 Folder 11. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Ortega, Joe. 1972. “The Privately Funded Legal Aid Office: The MALDEF Experience.” Chicano Law Review 1972 (1): 80.
  • Ortega, Joe C. 1974. Memorandum to Richard Ibanez. October 21, 1974. Box 12 Folder 7, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Padilla, Kenneth. 1972. Memorandum to Mario G. Obledo. January 4, 1972. Police Memos. 1972 RG 1 Box 6 Folder 11. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Parmar, Inderjeet. 2012. Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations and the Rise of American Power. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • “Program Review – Civil Rights.” n.d. Box 1 Folder 6, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0748, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Puente, Pablo V., Virginia Muzquiz, and Fidel Benavides v. City of Crystal City, Texas, Paul Mata, Mayor of Crystal City, John Does. n.d. United States District Court Western District of Texas Del Rio Division. Rockefeller Brothers Foundation. Record Group RG3. Box 557. Folder 3340.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. London: Simon & Schuster.
  • Raymond, Virginia Marie. 2007. “Mexican Americans Write Toward Justice in Texas, 1973-1982.” PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin.
  • “Raza Unida Party Displays Strength.” San Antonio Express. April 6, 1970.
  • Rhode, Deborah L. 2008. “Public Interest Law: The Movement at Midlife.” Stanford Law Review 60 (6): 2050–2051.
  • Rivas-Rodriguez, Maggie. 2015. Texas Mexican Americans & Postwar Civil Rights. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Roelofs, Joan. 2007. “Foundations and Collaboration.” Critical Sociology 33 (3): 479–504. doi: 10.1163/156916307X188997
  • Rosen, Sanford. 1973. Memorandum to Associate Counsel and Legal Staff. February 16, 1973. Ford Foundation Box 5911 Grant 06800248 (Roll 87) D Reel 7503 Rockefeller Center Archives.
  • Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 21.
  • Rubenstein, W. B. 1996. “Divided We Litigate: Addressing Disputes among Group Members and Lawyers in Civil Rights Campaigns.” The Yale Law Journal 106: 1623. doi: 10.2307/797318
  • Sandoval, Moises. 1979. Our Legacy: The First Fifty Years. Washington, DC: League of United Latin American Citizens, 67–68.
  • Sarat, Austin, and Stuart Scheingold. 1998. “Cause Lawyering and the Reproduction of Professional Authority.” In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, edited by Austin Sarat, and Stuart Scheingold, 3–28. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Sarat, Austin, and Stuart Scheingold. 2005. “The Dynamics of Cause Lawyering: Constraints and Opportunities.” In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, edited by Austin Sarat, and Stuart Scheingold, 1–34. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press).
  • Smith, David Horton. 1997a. “Grassroots Associations Are Important: Some Theory and a Review of the Impact Literature.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 26 (3): 269–306. doi: 10.1177/0899764097263002
  • Smith, David Horton. 1997b. “The Rest of the Nonprofit Sector: Grassroots Associations as the Dark Matter Ignored in Prevailing ‘Flat Earth’ Maps of the Sector.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 26 (2): 114–131. doi: 10.1177/0899764097262002
  • Southworth, Ann. 2013. “What Is Public Interest Law: Empirical Perspectives on an Old Question.” DePaul Law Review 62 (2): 496–497.
  • Sviridoff, Mitchell. 1968. Memorandum to McGeorge Bundy. February 23, 1968. Ford Foundation Box# 5909 Grant#06800248 (Roll 84) Rockefeller Center Archives Research July 8, 2013 E.
  • Tijerina, Pete. 1968. Letter to William Pincus. February 28, 1968. Box 8 Folder 3, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Tijerina, Pete. 1969. Memorandum to Mario Obledo and Staff Attorneys. July 21, 1969. Box 9 Folder 7, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund Records, M0673, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif.
  • Tilly, Charles. 2013. Social Movements, 1768-2012. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
  • Walker, Jack L. 1983. “The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America.” American Political Science Review 77 (2): 390–406. doi: 10.2307/1958924
  • Wilson, James Q. 1973. Political Organizations. New York: Basic Books.
  • Wilson, Joshua C. 2011. “Sustaining the State: Legal Consciousness and the Construction of Legality in Competing Abortion Activists’ Narratives.” Law & Social Inquiry 36 (2): 455–483. Spring 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01238.x
  • Wolinsky, Sidney, Robert B. Goldman, Daniel Luevano, and Robert Gnaizda. 1971. “A Long Silent Minority Begins to Find Its Voice in the Courts: An Assessment of a Grant to the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF).” September 1971. Ford Foundation Unpublished Reports. Rockefeller Archive Center
  • Zald, Mayer N., and John D. McCarthy. 1987. Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.