One and two equals three? The third mission of higher education institutions

References

• Arbo, P., and H. Eskelinen. 2003. “The Role of Small, Comprehensive Universities in Regional Economic Development: Experiences from Two Nordic Case.” Paper presented at the 43rd ERSA Congress, Jyväskylä, August 27–30.
   Google Scholar
• Becher, T., and P. Trowler. 2001. Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Enquiry and the Culture of Disciplines. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Belshaw, D., and I. Thomas. 1984. “The Rural Development Challenge to the Universities: Safety in Theory or Danger in Practice?” The Journal of Modern African Studies 22 (1): 109–132.
   Google Scholar
• Benneworth, P. 2013. University Engagement with Socially Excluded Communities. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Benneworth, P., R. Pinheiro, and J. Karlsten. 2014. “Leadership, Strategic Actor-hood and Institutional Change: Deconstructing the Role of University Senior Leadership in Regional Development.” Paper presented at the Regional Science Association Annual Conference, Izmir, June 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Bozeman, B., and E. Corley. 2004. “Scientists’ Collaboration Strategies: Implications for Scientific and Technical Human Capital.” Research Policy 33 (4): 599–616. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.008.
   Google Scholar
• Brulin, G. 2001. “Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice.” In Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice, edited by P. Reason and H. Bradbury, 440–447. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, Y., and C. Liu. 2015. “The Roles of Universities in Fostering Knowledge-intensive Clusters in Chinese Regional Innovation Systems.” Science and Public Policy 42 (1): 15–29. doi:10.1093/scipol/scu018.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. 1993. “The University System. Engine of Development in the New World Economy.” In Improving Higher Education in Developing Countries, edited by A. Ransom, S.-W. Khoo, and V. Selvaratnam, 65–80. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. 2001. “Universities as Dynamic Systems of Contradictory Functions.” In Challenges of Globalisation. South African Debates with Manuel Castells, edited by J. Muller, N. Cloete, and S. Badat, 206–233. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. 2010. The Rise of the Network Society. 2nd ed. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterton, P., and J. Goddard. 2000. “The Response of Higher Education Institutions to Regional Needs.” European Journal of Education 35 (4): 475–496. doi:10.1111/1467-3435.00041.
   Google Scholar
• Christy, R. D., and L. Williamson. 1992. A Century of Service: Land-Grant Colleges and Universities, 1890–1990. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, B. R. 1983. The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, B. R. 1998. Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation. New York: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, D. 2011. The University in Development: Case Studies of Use-oriented Research. Cape Town: Human Science Research Council (HRSC).
   Google Scholar
• Cremonini, L., D. F. Westerheijden, P. Benneworth, and H. Dauncey.2014. “In the Shadow of Celebrity? World-Class University Policies and Public Value in Higher Education.” Higher Education Policy 27 (3): 341–361. doi:10.1057/hep.2013.33.
   Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D., and M. Suchman. 2008. “Legitimacy in Organizational Institutionalism.” In The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, edited by R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin, and R. Suddaby, 44–77. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Duke, C. 2008. “University Engagement: Avoidable Confusion and Inescapable Contradiction.” Higher Education Management and Policy 20 (2): 87–98.
   Google Scholar
• E3M-Project. 2012a. Green Paper-Fostering and Measuring ‘Third Mission’ in Higher Education Institutions. http://www.e3mproject.eu/docs/Green%20paper-p.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• E3M-Project. 2012b. Needs and Constraints Analysis of the Three Dimensions of Third Mission Activities. http://www.e3mproject.eu/docs/Three-dim-third-mission-act.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Enders, J., and H. Boer. 2009. “The Mission Impossible of the European University: Institutional Confusion and Instititutional Diversity.” In European Integration and the Governance of Higher Education and Research, edited by A. Amaral, G. Neave, C. Musselin, and P. Maassen, 159–178. Drodrecht: Spinger.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H. 2001. “The Second Academic Revolution and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science.” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 20 (2): 18–29. doi:10.1109/44.948843.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., and L. Leydesdorff. 2000. “The Dynamics of Innovation: from National Systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a Triple Helix of University–Industry–Government Relations.” Research Policy 29 (2): 109–123. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., and A. Webster. 1998. “Entrepreneurial Science: The Second Academic Revolution.” In Capitalizing Knowledge: New Intersections of Industry and Academia, edited by E. Etzkowitz, A. Webster, and P. Healey, 21–46. Albany: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., A. Webster, C. Gebhardt, and B. R. C. Terra. 2000. “The Future of the University and the University of the Future: Evolution of Ivory Tower to Entrepreneurial Paradigm.” Research Policy 29 (2): 313–330.
   Google Scholar
• Fumasoli, T., R. Pinheiro, and B. Stensaker. in press. “Handling Uncertainty of Strategic Ambitions: The Use of Organizational Identity as a Risk-reducing Device.” International Journal of Public Administration 38.
   Google Scholar
• Goddard, J., and P. Vallance. 2013. The University and the City. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. I. 1976. “The Relevance of Cosmopolitan/Local Orientations to Professional Values and Behavior.” Work and Occupations 3 (3): 331–356. doi:10.1177/003803857600300304.
   Google Scholar
• Gornitzka,Å., and I. M. Larsen. 2004. “Towards Professionalisation? Restructuring of Administrative Work Force in Universities.” Higher Education 47 (4): 455–471.
   Google Scholar
• Gunasekara, C. 2006. “Leading the Horses to Water.” Journal of Sociology 42 (2): 145–163.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, A., A. Scott, A. Laske, and C. Burtscher, eds. 2007. Bright Satanic Mills: Universities, Regional Development and the Knowledge Economy. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Hazelkorn, H. 2009. “Rankings and the Battle for World-Class Excellence: Institutional Strategies and Policy Choice.” Higher Education Management and Policy 21 (1): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsen, Hans Chr. Garmann, Stina Torjesen, and Richard Ennals, eds. 2015. Higher Education in a Sustainable Society: A Case for Mutual Competence Building. Rotterdam: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. R. 1988. The Origins of Civic Universities: Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jongbloed, B. 2010. Funding Higher Education: A View across Europe. Brussels: ESMU.
   Google Scholar
• Jongbloed, B., J. Enders, and C. Salerno. 2008. “Higher Education and Its Communities: Interconnections, Interdependencies and a Research Agenda.” Higher Education 56 (3): 303–324.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsen, J. 2005. “When Regional Development Becomes an Institutional Responsibility for Universities: The Need for a Discussion About Knowledge Construction in Relation to Universities’ Third Role.” AI & Society 19 (4): 500–510.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsen, J. E., and R. Pritchard, eds. 2013. Resilient Universities: Confronting Changes in a Challenging World. Oxford: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Kehm, B. M., and B. Stensaker. 2009. University Rankings, Diversity, and the New Landscape of Higher Education. Rotterdam: Sense.
   Google Scholar
• Kickert, W. 1995. “Steering at a Distance: A New Paradigm of Public Governance in Dutch Higher Education.” Governance 8 (1): 135–157. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00202.x.
   Google Scholar
• Krücken, G. 2003. “Learning the ‘New, New Thing’: On the Role of Path Dependency in University Structures.” Higher Education 46 (3): 315–339.
   Google Scholar
• Krücken, G., A. Kosmützky, and M. Torka, eds. 2007. Towards a Multiversity? Universities between Global Trends and National Traditions. Bielefeld: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Kyvik, S. 2009. The Dynamics of Change in Higher Education: Expansion and Contraction in an Organisational Field. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kyvik, S., and B. Lepori, eds. 2010. The Research Mission of Higher Education Institutions outside the University Sector: Striving for Differentiation. Higher Education Dynamics. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Langa, P. 2010. “Disciplines and Engagement in African Universities: A Study of Scientific Capital and Academic Networking in the Social Sciences”. Unpublished PhD diss., University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Langa, P. 2011. Scientific Capital and Engagement in African Universities: The Case of the Social Sciences at Makerere University. Cape Town: CHET.
   Google Scholar
• Laredo, P. 2007. “Revisiting the Third Mission of Universities: Toward a Renewed Categorization of University Activities?” Higher Education Policy 20 (4): 441–456.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, L. 2011. Forming and Using Networks in Academia: Disciplines and Gender. Accessed December 2014. https://www.tasa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Lewis-Jenny-Session-42-PDF.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Maassen, P. 2009. “The Modernisation of European Higher Education: National Policy Dynamics.” In From Governance to Identity, edited by A. Amaral, I. Bleiklie, and C. Musselin, 95–112. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Maassen, P. 2014. “A New Social Contract for Higher Education?.” In Higher Education in Societies, edited by G. Goastellec and F. Picard, 33–50. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Maassen, P., and B. Stensaker. 2003. “Interpretations of Self-regulation: The Changing State – Higher Education Relationship in Europe.” In The Dialogue between Higher Education Research and Practice, edited by R. Begg, 85–95. Dordrecht: Spinger.
   Google Scholar
• Mahrl, M., and A. Pausits. 2011. “Third Mission Indicators for New Ranking Methodologies.” Evaluation in Higher Education 4 (1): 43–65.
   Google Scholar
• March, J. G. (1991). “Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning.” Organization Science 2 (1): 71–87.
   Google Scholar
• Molas-Gallart, J., A. Salter, P. Patel, A. Scott, and X. Duran. 2002. Measuring Third Stream Activities: Final Report to the Russell Group of Universities. Brighton: SPRU, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo, R and, I. M. Jamieson. 2005. “Knowledge in the Marketplace. The Global Commodification of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education.” In Internationalizing Higher Education:Critical Explorations of Pedagogy and Policy, edited by P. Ninnes and M. Hellsten, 37–51. Hong Kong: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Neave, G. 1979. “Education and Regional Development: An Overview of a Growing Controversy.” European Journal of Education 14 (3): 207–231. doi:10.2307/1503197.
   Google Scholar
• Neave, G., and A. Amaral. 2011. Higher Education in Portugal 1974–2009: A Nation, a Generation. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Nedeva, M. 2007. “New Tricks and Old Dogs? The ‘Third Mission’ and the Re-production of the University.” In World Yearbook of Education 2008 Geographies of Knowledge, Geometries of Power: Framing the Future of Higher Education, edited by D. Epstein, R. Boden, R. Deem, F. Rizvi, and S. Wright, 85–105. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nelles, J., and T. Vorley. 2008. “Entrepreneurial Architecture in UK Higher Education Institutions: Consolidating the Third Mission.” In DRUID, 25th Celebration Conference, June 18–20, Copenhagen, CBS.
   Google Scholar
• Nowotny, H., P. Scott, and M. Gibbons. 2002. Re-thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard, C., and C. Holtham. 2008. Understanding Learning-centred Higher Education. Copenhagen: CBS Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Carroll, C., C. Harmon, and L. Farrell. 2006. The Economic and Social Impact of Higher Education. Dublin: Irish Universities Association.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, J. P. 2007. “The Institutional Dynamics of the European University.” In University Dynamics and European Integration, edited by P. Maassen and J. P. Olsen, 25–54. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, B. 2012. “Excellence, Relevance and the Construction of Regional Science Policy: Science Frictions and Fictions in the North West of England.” In Universities and Regional Development: A Critical Assessment of Tensions and Contradictions, edited by R. Pinheiro, P. Benneworth, and G. A. Jones, 105–123. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R. 2012a. In the Region, for the Region? A Comparative Study of the Institutionalisation of the Regional Mission of Universities. Oslo: University of Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R. 2012b. “University Ambiguity and Institutionalization: A Tale of Three Regions.” In Universities and Regional Development: A Critical Assessment of Tensions and Contradictions, edited by R. Pinheiro, P. Benneworth, and G. A. Jones, 35–55. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R. 2013. “Bridging the Local with the Global: Building a New University on the Fringes of Europe.” Tertiary Education and Management 19 (2): 144–160. doi:10.1080/13583883.2013.782063
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R. 2015a. “Citius, Altius, Fortius: Mobilising the University for the ‘Europe of Knowledge.’” In New Voices in Higher Education Research and Scholarship, edited by B. Culum, F. Robeiro, and Y. Politis, 1–17. Hershey, PA: IGI-Global.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R. 2015b. “The Role of Internal and External Stakeholders.” In Higher Education in the Brics Countries: Investigating the Pact between Higher Education and Society, edited by S. Schwartzman, R. Pinheiro, and P. Pillay, 43–58. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., P. Benneworth, and G. A. Jones, eds. 2012. Universities and Regional Development: A Critical Assessment of Tensions and Contradictions. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., R. Normann, and H. C. Johnsen. 2012. “Knowledge Structures and Patterns of External Engagement.” Paper presented at the 34th Annual EAIR (European Higher Education Society) Forum, Stavanger, September 5–8.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., G. Ouma, and P. Pillay. 2012. “The Dynamics of University Transformation: A Case Study of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.” Journal of Higher Education in Africa 10 (1): 95–120.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., and B. Stensaker. 2014a. “Strategic Actor-hood and Internal Transformation: The Rise of the Quadruple-Helix University?” In Global Challenges, Local Responses in Higher Education. The Contemporary Issues in National and Comparative Perspective, edited by J. Brankovik, M. Klemencik, P. Lazetic, and P. Zgaga, 171–189. Rotterdam: Sense.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, R., and B. Stensaker. 2014b. “Designing the Entrepreneurial University: The Interpretation of a Global Idea.” Public Organization Review 14 (4): 497–516. doi:10.1007/s11115-013-0241-z
   Google Scholar
• PRIME Network. 2006. “Observatory of the European University Methodological Guide.” Lugano. http://www.enid-europe.org/PRIME/documents/OEU_guide.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, F. O. 2010. “Accounting for Excellence: Transforming Universities into Organizational Actors.” In Higher Education, Policy, and the Global Competition Phenomenon, edited by L. Portnoi, V. Rust, and S. Bagely, 43–58. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Ridder-Symoens, H. A. 2003. A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rüegg, W. 2004. Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartzman, S., ed. 2008. University and Development in Latin America: Successful Experiences of Research Centers: Global Perspectives in Higher Education. Rotterdam: Sense.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartzman, S. 2010. Changing Universities and Academic Outreach. Rio de Janeiro: IETS.
   Google Scholar
• Stachowiak, K., R. Pinheiro, C. Sedini, and M. Vaatovaara. 2013. “Policies Aimed at Strengthening the Ties between Universities and Cities.” In Place-making and Policies for Competitive Cities, edited by S. Musterd and Z. Kovács, 263–292. London: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Temple, P. 2011. Universities in the Knowledge Economy: Higher Education Organisation and Global Change. London: Taylor Francis.
   Google Scholar
• ULSF. 1999. The Talloires Declaration 10 Point Action Plan: Association of University Leaders for a Sustainable Future. Talloires: ULSF. http://www.ulsf.org/programs_talloires.html.
   Google Scholar
• Vorley, T., and J. Nelles. 2008. “Conceptualising the Academy: Institutional Development of and beyond the Third Mission.” Higher Education Management and Policy 20 (3): 1–17. doi:10.1787/hemp-v20-art25-en.
   Google Scholar
• Vorley, T., and J. Nelles. 2012. “Scaling Entrepreneurial Architecture: The Challenge of Managing Regional Technology Transfer in Hamburg.” In Universities and Regional Development: A Critical Assessment of Tensions and Contradictions, edited by R. Pinheiro, P. Benneworth, and G. A. Jones, 181–198. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vukasovic, M., P. Maassen, M. Nerland, R. Pinheiro, B. Stensaker, and A. Vabø. 2012. Effects of Higher Education Reforms: Change Dynamics. Rotterdam: Sense.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D., R. Hollister, S. Stround, and E. Babcok, eds. 2011. The Engaged University: International Perspectives on Civic Engagement. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar