2,813
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Characteristics of Independent Chinese Outbound Tourists

Pages 134-148 | Published online: 30 May 2013

References

  • Andersen , V. , Prentice , V. and Watanabe , K. 2000 . Journeys for experiences: Japanese independent travelers in Scotland . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 9 : 129 – 151 . (doi:10.1300/J073v09n01_08)
  • Arlt , G. W. 2006 . China's outbound tourism , London : Routledge .
  • Caruana , R. , Crane , A. and Fitchett , J. A. 2008 . Paradoxes of consumer independence: A critical discourse analysis of the independent traveler . Marketing Theory , 8 ( 3 ) : 253 – 272 . (doi:10.1177/1470593108093556)
  • CNTA . 2012 . Annual report of China outbound tourism development 2012 , Beijing : Tourism Education Press .
  • Desforges , L. 1998 . “Checking out the planet”: Global representations/local identities and youth travel ” . In Cool places: Geographies of youth culture , Edited by: Skelton , T. and Valentine , G. 175 – 192 . New York : Routledge .
  • DPS Consulting. (2005). The China outbound travel handbook, unpublished report. www.dps-china.com
  • German National Tourist Board (DZT). (2001). Vertribsagentur, Marktinformation China, unpublished report.
  • German National Tourist Board (DZT). (2003). The characteristics of outbound tourism, unpublished report.
  • Hottola , P. 2007 . “ The social psychological interface of tourism and independent travel ” . In Backpacker tourism: Concepts and profiles , Edited by: Hannam , K. and Ateljevic , I. 26 – 37 . Bristol : Channel View .
  • Hsieh , S. , O'Leary , J. T. , Morrison , A. M. and Chang , P. H. S. 1993 . Modelling the travel mode choice of Australian outbound travellers . Journal of Tourism Studies , 4 : 51 – 61 .
  • Hsieh , S. , O'Leary , J. T. and Morrison , A. M. 1994 . A comparison of package and non-package travelers from the United Kingdom . Journal of International Consumer Marketing , 6 ( 3–4 ) : 79 – 100 . (doi:10.1300/J046v06n03_06)
  • Hyde , K. F. and Lawson , R. 2003 . The nature of independent travel . Journal of Travel Research , 42 : 12 – 23 .
  • Pearce , P. L. 1991 . Analysing tourist attractions . Journal of Tourism Studies , 2 : 46 – 55 .
  • Richards , G. and Wilson , J. 2004 . “ The global nomad: Motivations and behaviour of independent travelers worldwide ” . In The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice , Edited by: Richards , G. and Wilson , J. 14 – 39 . Bristol : Channel View .
  • Roth , S. 1998 . The Chinese outbound travel market, Project of Austrian National Tourist Office, ETC Report
  • Sheldon , P. J. and Mak , J. 1987 . The demand for package tours: A mode choice model . Journal of Travel Research , 25 : 13 – 17 . (doi:10.1177/004728758702500304)
  • Tourism Australia. (2005). Grow and sustain development for Australia, unpublished report.
  • UNWTO . 1997 . Forecast 2020 . East Asia & Pacific , 3 : 63 – 77 .
  • UNWTO . 2013 . 2012 International tourism results and prospect for 2012 . World Tourism Barometer , 11
  • Urry , J. 2009 . The tourist gaze , Guilin : Guangxi Normal University Press .
  • VisitBritain. (2005). Leisure market profile: China, unpublished report.
  • Xiang , Y. 2010 . “ Travelers writing: A study on the self-representation of independent outbound travelers. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou ” .
  • Zhou , X. 2005 . Research on Chinese middle class , Beijing : Social Scientific and Literature Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.