Living Inside a UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Perspective of the Maasai Community in Tanzania

References

• Aas, C., Ladkin, A., & Fletcher, J. (2005). Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 28–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, K. S. (2014). Ignoring indigenous peoples’ rights: The case of Lake Bogoria’s designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In S. Disko, & H. Tugendhat (Eds.), World Heritage Sites and indigenous peoples’ rights (pp. 189–220). Copenhagen: IWGIA.
   Google Scholar
• Altinay, L., Paraskevas, A., & Jang, S. S. (2015). Planning research in hospitality and tourism. Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Århem, K. (1985). Pastoral man in the garden of Eden the Maasai of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Uppsala: University of Uppsala and the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Aronson, J. (1994). A pragmatic view of thematic analysis. The Qualitative Report, 2(1). Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/BackIssues/QR2-1/aronson.html
   Google Scholar
• Berger, R. (2015). Now I see it, now I don’t: Researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 15(2), 219–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone, R. B., Galvin, K. A., Thornton, P. K., Swift, D. M., & Coughenour, M. B. (2006). Cultivation and conservation in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Human Ecology, 34(6), 809–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Caust, J., & Vecco, M. (2017). Is UNESCO World Heritage recognition a blessing or burden? Evidence from developing Asian countries. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 27, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnley, S. (2005). From nature tourism to ecotourism? The case of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Human Organization, 64(1), 75–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20(1), 157–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decrop, A. (2004). Trustworthiness in qualitative tourism research. In J. Phillimore, & L. Goodson (Eds.), Qualitative research in tourism (pp. 156–169). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Galvin, K. A., Boone, R. B., McCabe, J. T., Magennis, A. L., & Beeton, T. A. (2015). Transitions in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area: The story of land use, human well-being, and conservation. In Serengeti IV: Sustaining biodiversity in a coupled human-natural system (pp. 483). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Globalgeopark. (2018). 13 Sites in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America Receive UNESCO Global Geopark Label. Retrieved from http://www.globalgeopark.org/News/News/11319.htm
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, M. J. (2011). Strangers in their own land: Maasai and wildlife conservation in Northern Tanzania. Conservation and Society, 9(1), 65–79.
   Google Scholar
• Greenglobaltravel. (2018). Embracing the culture of the Maasai people in Tanzania. Retrieved from https://greenglobaltravel.com/maasaiculture-tanzania
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M., & Piggin, R. (2002). Tourism business knowledge of World Heritage Sites: A New Zealand case study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(5), 401–411.
   Google Scholar
• Homewood, K., & Rodgers, W. (1991). Maasailand ecology: Pastoralist development and wildlife conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS International Committee on Cultural Tourism. (1999). Tourism at world heritage sites: The site manager's handbook (2nd ed.). Madrid: WTO.
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS & IUCN. (2017, August 23–26). Report of the ICOMOS/IUCN Advisory mission to Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania). Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39/documents/
   Google Scholar
• Jimura, T. (2011). The impact of World Heritage Site designation on local communities – A case study of Ogimachi, Shirakawa-mura, Japan. Tourism Management, 32(2), 288–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanuha, V. K. (2000). “Being” native versus “going native”: Conducting social work research as an insider. Social Work, 45(5), 439–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S., Wong, K. K., & Cho, M. (2007). Assessing the economic value of a world heritage site and willingness-to-pay determinants: A case of Changdeok Palace. Tourism Management, 28(1), 317–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankester, F., & Davis, A. (2016). Pastoralism and wildlife: Historical and current perspectives in the East African rangelands of Kenya and Tanzania. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 35(2), 473–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, P., Oviedo, G., & Badman, T. (2014). World Heritage, indigenous peoples, communities and rights: An IUCN perspective. In S. Disko, & H. Tugendhat (Eds.), World Heritage Sites and indigenous peoples’ rights (pp. 65–82). Copenhagen: IWGIA.
   Google Scholar
• Leask, A., & Fyall, A. (2006). Managing world heritage sites. Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Lwoga, N. B., & Asubisye, E. (2018). Effects of drought on cultural tourism: Selected cases of Maasai tourism groups surrounding Tarangire National Park in Tanzania. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 16(3), 248–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariki, S. B. (2013). Conservation with a human face? Comparing local participation and benefit sharing from a national park and a state forest plantation in Tanzania. Sage Open, 3(4), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• May, A., & McCabe, J. T. (2004). City work in a time of AIDS: Maasai labor migration in Tanzania. Africa Today, 51, 3–32.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, J. T. (2003). Sustainability and livelihood diversification among the Maasai of northern Tanzania. Human Organization, 62(2), 100–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, J. T., Leslie, P. W., & DeLuca, L. (2010). Adopting cultivation to remain pastoralists: The diversification of Maasai livelihoods in Northern Tanzania. Human Ecology, 38, 321–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, J. T., Perkin, S., & Schofield, C. (1992). Can conservation and development be coupled among pastoral people? An examination of the Maasai of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Human Organization, 51(4), 353–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, J., Smith, N., Leslie, P., & Telligman, A. (2014). Livelihood diversification through migration among a pastoral people: Contrasting case studies of Maasai in Northern Tanzania. Human Organization, 73(4), 389–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meskell, L. (2013). UNESCO and the fate of the World Heritage Indigenous Peoples Council of Experts (WHIPCOE). International Journal of Cultural Property, 20(2), 155–174.
   Google Scholar
• MNRT. (2018). Hotuba ya Waziri wa Maliasili na Utalii Mheshimiwa Dkt Hamisi A. Kigwangalla (Mb) wakati akiwasilisha Bungeni makadirio ya mapato na matumizi kwa mwaka wa fedha 2018/2019, Dodoma.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Population and livestock census for Ngorongoro Division 2017. Arusha: Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority.
   Google Scholar
• NCAA. (1996). Ngorongoro Conservation Area general management plan. Arusha: Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority.
   Google Scholar
• NCAA. (2010). Ngorongoro Conservation Area general management plan (2006–2016). Arusha, Tanzania, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, 171.
   Google Scholar
• NCAA. (2016). Taarifa ya Maendeleo ya Eneo la Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro. Ngorongoro.
   Google Scholar
• NCAA. (2017). The corporate strategic plan (2017-2022) for NCA. Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania.
   Google Scholar
• Nepal, S. K. (2002). Involving indigenous peoples in protected area management: Comparative perspectives from Nepal, Thailand, and China. Environmental Management, 30(6), 748–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, L. N., Thapa, B., & Ko, Y. J. (2009). Residents’ perspectives of a World Heritage Site: The Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 390–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, J. (2016). ‘What is new about what has always been’: Communication technologies and the meaning-making of Maasai mobilities in Ngorongoro?
   Google Scholar
• Olenasha, W. (2014). A World Heritage Site in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area: Whose world? Whose heritage? In S. Disko, & H. Tugendhat (Eds.), World Heritage Sites and indigenous peoples’ rights (pp. 189–220). Copenhagen: IWGIA.
   Google Scholar
• Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Jaafar, M. (2017). Sustainable tourism development and residents’ perceptions in World Heritage Site destinations. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 34–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, P. (2004). Political ecology: A critical introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, J., & Silvanto, S. (2012). A study of the key strategic drivers of the use of the World Heritage site designation as a destination brand. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(3), 327–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarinen, J. (2016). Wilderness use, conservation and tourism: What do we protect and for and from whom? Tourism Geographies, 18(1), 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpley, R. (2014). Host perceptions of tourism: A review of the research. Tourism Management, 42, 37–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, S., Schuttenmeyer, A., & Braun, B. (2009). Visitors’ intention to visit world cultural heritage sites: An empirical study of Suzhou, China. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 26(7), 722–734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63–75.
   Google Scholar
• Shivji, I. G., & Kapinga, W. B. (1998). Maasai rights in Ngorongoro, Tanzania. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Sirima, A., & Backman, K. F. (2013). Communities’ displacement from national park and tourism development in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(7–8), 719–735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. (2002). A critical evaluation of the global accolade: The significance of World Heritage Site status for Maritime Greenwich. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 8(2), 137–151.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, K. A., & Sulle, E. B. (2011). Tourism in Maasai communities: A chance to improve livelihoods? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(8), 935–951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, M. M., & Wall, G. (2014). Community participation in tourism at a World Heritage Site: Mutianyu Great Wall, Beijing, China. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 146–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svels, K. (2015). World Heritage, tourism and community involvement: A comparative study of the High Coast (Sweden) and Kvarken Archipelago (Finland). Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(1–2), 183–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, P. K., Galvin, K. A., & Boone, R. B. (2003). An agro-pastoral household model for the rangelands of East Africa. Agricultural Systems, 76(2), 601–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J., & Tosun, C. (2003). Appropriate planning for tourism in destination communities: Participation, incremental growth and collaboration. In S. Singh, D. J. Timothy, & R. K. Dowling (Eds.), Tourism in destination communities (pp. 181–204). Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (1972). Convention concerning the protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris: Author.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2009). Mission report reactive monitoring mission Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania) 1-6 December 2008. Paris: Author.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2017). Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania) (C/N 39bis). WHC-41COM 7B.39.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO and IUCN. (2008). Mission report reactive monitoring mission Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania) 1-6 December 2008. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A. J. (1992). Research methods for leisure and tourism: A practical guide. London: Pitman.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Wall, G., Xu, X., Han, F., Du, X., & Liu, Q. (2015). Is it better for a tourist destination to be a World Heritage Site? Visitors’ perspectives on the inscription of Kanas on the World Heritage List in China. Journal for Nature Conservation, 23, 19–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHC, ICOMOS and IUCN. (2012). UNESCO report on the joint WHC/ICOMOS/IUCN mission to Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Republic of Tanzania 10th–13th April 2012. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• World Heritage Site. (2011). Evaluations of nominations of cultural and mixed properties to the World Heritage List. ICOMOS Report for the World Heritage Committee, 35th ordinary session UNESCO, June 2011. Paris: International Council on Monuments and Sites.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, B. H., Li, M. M., & Huang, G. P. (2002). A study on relationship of conservation and tourism demand of World Heritage Sites in China. Geographical Research, 21(5), 617–626.
   Google Scholar