Possible selves. Gang passages, projective imaginations, and self-transformations

References

• Aldridge, J., and J. Medina. 2007. Youth Gangs in an English City: Social Exclusion, Drugs and Violence. Swindon, UK: Economic and Social Research Council (UK).
   Google Scholar
• Alstam, K., T. Forkby, and D. Holm. [A smorgasbord of possibilities. An analysis of Passus’ exit programme for people leaving gangs and criminality]. Social work Research Report. 2021. Ett smörgåsbord av möjligheter: En värderande analys av Passus avhopparstöd för personer som lämnar gäng och kriminalitet. Vaxjö: 2 Linneaus University.
   Google Scholar
• Althusser, L. 2000/2008. “Ideology Interpellates Individuals as Subjects.” In Identity: A Reader, edited by P. du Gay, J. Evans, and P. Redman. London: SAGE Publications. 31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, G. A. 1996. From Chaos to Mission: Refounding Religious Life Formation. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, M. S. 2000. Being Human. The Problem of Agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bateson, G. 1988. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. New York: Bantam Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brotherton, D. C. 2008. “Beyond Social Reproduction: Bringing Resistance Back in Gang Theory.” Theoretical Criminology 12 (1): 55–77. doi:10.1177/1362480607085794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson, C., and J. Sarnecki. 2015. An Introduction to life-course Criminology. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, D. C., S. A. Wiley, and F.-A. Esbensen. 2017. “Differentiating between Delinquent Groups and Gangs: Moving beyond Offending Consequences.” Journal of Crime and Justice 40 (3): 297–315. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2017.1338148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinkinbeard, S. S., and C. I. Murray. 2012. “Perceived Support, Belonging, and Possible Selves Strategies among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders 1.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42 (5): 1218–1240. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00884.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, R., and J. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19 (6): 829–859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby, F. J. 1982. Relative Deprivation and Working Women. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, C. A. 2008. Reflexive Ethnography: A Guide to Researching Selves and Others. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, S. H., D. C. Pyrooz, and R. K. Moule. 2014. “Disengagement from Gangs as Role Transitions.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 24 (2): 268–283. doi:10.1111/jora.12074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebaugh, H. R. F. 1988. Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr.
   Google Scholar
• Emirbayer, M., and A. Mische. 1998. “What Is Agency?” American Journal of Sociology 103 (4): 962–1023. doi:10.1086/231294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esbensen, F.-A., L. T. Winfree, N. He, and T. Taylor. 2001. “Youth Gangs and Definitional Issues: When Is a Gang a Gang, and Why Does It Matter?” Crime and Delinquency 47 (1): 105–130. doi:10.1177/0011128701047001005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forkby, T., J. Kuosmanen, and H. Örnlind. 2020a. Bland Bröder Och Fiender Om Gäng, Manligheter Och Avhopp. [Amongst Brothers and Enemies: Gangs, Masculinities and Defection]. Gothenburg: Daidalos.
   Google Scholar
• Forkby, T., J. Kuosmanen, and H. Örnlind. 2020b. “Leaving Gangs – Failed Brotherhood and Reconstructed Masculinities.” In Gangs in the Era of Internet and Social Media, edited by F. M. Weerman and C. Melde, 153–173. Switzerland: Springer, Cham.
   Google Scholar
• Garot, R. 2007. ““Where You From!” Gang Identity as Performance.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 36 (1): 50–84. doi:10.1177/0891241606287364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giordano, P. C., S. A. Cernkovich, and J. L. Rudolph. 2002. “Gender, Crime, and Desistance: Toward a Theory of Cognitive Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (4): 990–1064. doi:10.1086/343191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1959/1990. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1979. “Footing.” Semiotika 25 (1–2): 1–30. doi:10.1515/semi.1979.25.1-2.1.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, L., H. Giles, and M. A. Hogg. 2014. “Going to Extremes: Social Identity and Communication Processes Associated with Gang Membership.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17 (6): 813–832. doi:10.1177/1368430214524289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, H., and F. McNeill. 2017. “Desistance: Envisioning Futures.” In Alternative Criminologies, edited by P. Carlen and L. Ayres França, 433–451. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hagedorn, J. 2008. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hagedorn, J., and P. Macon. 1988. People and Folks: Gangs, Crime, and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. Chicago: Lake View Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, D. M., R. Turner, I. Garrett, and S. Atkinson. 2010. “Understanding the Psychology of Gang Violence: Implications for Designing Effective Violence Reduction Interventions.” In Ministry of Justice Research Series 2/11. UK Ministry of Justice. 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Holstein, J. A., and J. F. Gubrium. 2000. Constructing the Life Course. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Huizinga, D., L. Cunningham, A. Elliott, K. Johnson, and K. Henry (2005). How Do I Get In? What Have I Joined? And, How Do I Get Out? Joining, Leaving and the Structure of Gangs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, B., and S. Farrall. 2018. “Emotions, Future Selves and the Process of Desistance.” British Journal of Criminology 58: 291–308. doi:10.1093/bjc/azx017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, J. 1970. The Felon. Hoboken, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. F., and C. L. Ward. 2020. “Narratives of Gang Disengagement among Former Gang Members in South Africa.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 47 (11): 1509–1528. doi:10.1177/0093854820949603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBel, T. P., M. Richie, and S. Maruna. 2015. “Helping Others as a Response to Reconcile a Criminal Past: The Role of the Wounded Healer in Prisoner Reentry Programs.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 42 (1): 108–120. doi:10.1177/0093854814550029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, H., and P. Nurius. 1986. “Possible Selves.” American Psychologist 41 (9): 954. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, H., and A. Ruvolo. 1989. “Possible Selves: Personalized Representations of Goals.” In Goal Concepts in Personality and Social Psychology, edited by L. A. Pervin, 211–241, Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Maruna, S. 1997. “Going Straight: Desistance from Crime and Life Narratives of Reform.” In The Narrative Story of Lives, edited by A. Lieblich and R. Josselson. Sage 59–93.
   Google Scholar
• Meisenhelder, T. 1977. “An Exploratory Study of Exiting from Criminal Careers.” Criminology 15: 319–334. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1977.tb00069.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neal, E. N., S. H. Decker, R. K. Moule, and D. C. Pyrooz. 2016. “Girls, Gangs, and Getting Out: Gender Differences and Similarities in Leaving the Gang.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 14 (1): 43–60. doi:10.1177/1541204014551426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., and H. Markus. 1990. “Possible Selves in Balance: Implications for Delinquency.” Journal of Social Issues 46 (2): 141–157. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01927.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster, R., and S. Bushway. 2009. “Desistance and the ‘Feared Self’: Toward an Identity Theory of Criminal Desistance.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 99 (4): 1103–1156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porporino, F., and E. Fabiano. 2007. “Case Managing Offenders within a Motivational Framework.” Developments in Social Work with Offenders 48: 184.
   Google Scholar
• Presser, L., and S. Sandberg. 2015. Narrative Criminology: Understanding Stories of Crime. Vol. 17. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pyrooz, D. C., and S. H. Decker. 2011. “Motives and Methods for Leaving the Gang: Understanding the Process of Gang Desistance.” Journal of Criminal Justice 39 (5): 417–425. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyrooz, D. C., S. H. Decker, and V. J. Webb. 2014. “The Ties that Bind: Desistance from Gangs.” Crime and Delinquency 60 (4): 491–516. doi:10.1177/0011128710372191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman, C. G., S. H. Decker, and D. C. Pyrooz. 2017. “”Leveraging the Pushes and Pulls of Gang Disengageent to Improve Gang Intervention: Findings from Three Multi-Site Studies and a Review of Relevant Gang Programs”.” Journal of Crime and Justice 40 (3): 316–336. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2017.1345096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runciman, W. G. 1966. Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in twentieth-century England. Oakland, Carlifonia: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, G. 2004. “It’s a Sucker Outfit’: How Urban Gangs Enable and Impede the Integration of ex-convicts.” Ethnography 5 (1): 107–140. doi:10.1177/1466138104041590.
   Google Scholar
• Scourfield, J., B. Dicks, S. Holland, M. Drakeford, and A. Davies. 2006. “The Significance of Place in Middle Childhood: Qualitative Research from Wales.” The British Journal of Sociology 57 (4): 577–595. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00126.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrauger, J. S., and T. J. Schoenemans 1979. “”Symbolic Interactionist View of Self-Concept: Through the Looking Glass Darkly”.” Psychological Bullentin 86 (3): 549–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, P. 2004. “Peer Support/peer Provided Services Underlying Processes, Benefits, and Critical Ingredients.” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 27 (4): 392–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sools, A., S. Triliva, and T. Filippas. 2017. “The Role of Desired Future Selves in the Creation of New Experience: The Case of Greek Unemployed Young Adults.” Style 51 (3): 318–336. doi:10.5325/style.51.3.0318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolle, D. 2001. ”Clubs and Congregations: The Benefits of Joining an Association.” In Trust in Society, edited by K. Cook, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeten, G., D. C. Pyrooz, and A. R. Piquero. 2013. “Disengaging from Gangs and Desistance from Crime.” Justice Quarterly 30 (3): 469–500. doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.723033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szakolczai, A., and B. Thomassen. 2019. From Anthropology to Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomassen, B. 2016. Liminality and the Modern: Living through the in-between. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Todd-Kvam, J., and M. Todd-Kvam. 2022. “Talking Good: Analysing Narratives of Desistance in Norway.” The British Journal of Criminology 62: 914–930. doi:10.1093/bjc/azab087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, V. 1975. Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gennep, A. 2019. The Rites of Passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hellemont, E., and J. A. Densley. 2019. “Gang Glocalization: How the Global Mediascape Creates and Shapes Local Gang Realities.” Crime, Media, Culture 15 (1): 169–189. doi:10.1177/1741659018760107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, B. 2007. “The Internal Narrative of Desistance.” The British Journal of Criminology 47 (3): 390–404. doi:10.1093/bjc/azl083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh, S. 2003. “A Note on Social Theory and the American Street Gang.” In Gangs and Society: Alternative Perspectives, edited by L. Kontos, D. Brotherton, and L. Barrios, 3–11, New York: Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Vigil, J. D. 1988. “Group Processes and Street Identity: Adolescent Chicano Gang Members.” Ethos 16 (4): 421–445. doi:10.1525/eth.1988.16.4.02a00040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. J. 1990. “Review Essay: Exiting Roles or Exiting Role Theory? Critical Notes on Ebaugh’s ‘Becoming an Ex’.” Acta Sociologica 33 (4): 397–404. doi:10.1177/000169939003300410.
   Google Scholar
• Warr, J. 2020. “‘Always Gotta Be Two Mans’: Lifers, Risk, Rehabilitation, and Narrative Labour.” Punishment & Society 22 (1): 28–47. doi:10.1177/1462474518822487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar