America and Europe: two contrasting or parallel empires?

References

• Adler , E. and Barnett , M. , eds. 1998 . Security communities , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Albright , M.K. 1998a . The testing of American foreign policy . Foreign Affairs , 77 ( 6 ) : 50 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright, M.K., 1998b. The right balance will secure NATO’s future. Financial Times, 7 December, p. 22; repr. in Rutten, M., ed., 2001. From St Malo to Nice. European defence: core documents (Chaillot paper 47), 10–12. Available from: http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/cp047e.pdf [Accessed 2 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Bacevich , A.J. 2002 . American empire: the realities and consequences of US diplomacy , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bacevich , A.J. 2005 . The new American militarism: how Americans are seduced by war , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , D.A. 1979 . Power analysis and world politics: new trends versus old tendencies . World Politics , 31 ( 2 ) : 161 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barroso, J.M., 2011. President of the European Commission Speech to the European Parliament during the debate on the economic crises and the euro European Parliament plenary session Strasbourg, 14 September 2011. Available from: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/11/572&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.
   Google Scholar
• Battlegroups, 2010. EU Battlegroups, EU Council Secretariat Factsheet, Brussels, February 2010. Available from: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/100217%20Factsheet%20-%20Battlegroups%20-%20version%204_EN.pdf [Accessed 30 December 2010].
   Google Scholar
• Beck , U. and Grande , E. 2007 . Cosmopolitan Europe , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Bradsher, K., 2009. China losing taste for debt from US. New York Times, 8 January, p. A1.
   Google Scholar
• Brzezinski , Z. 2010 . From hope to audacity: appraising Obama’s foreign policy . Foreign Affairs , 89 ( 1 ) : 16 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns , J.H. 1988 . The Cambridge history of medieval political thought c. 350–c. 1450 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buzan , B. 2004 . The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• CDSP, 2010. Council conclusions on CDSP (Council meeting of April 2010). Available from: http://www.assembly-weu.org/en/documents/Council_Conclusions_CSDP_26APRIL2010_EN.pdf?PHPSESSID=f3137d60 [Accessed 30 December 2010].
   Google Scholar
• Chandler , D. 2006 . Empire in denial. The politics of state-building , London : Pluto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane , C. , Nevitte , N. and White , S. 2008 . “ Value change in Europe and north America: convergence or something else? ” . In Growing apart? America and Europe in the twenty-first century , Edited by: Kopstein , J. and Steino , S. 53 – 79 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J.L. 2004 . Whose sovereignty? Empire versus international law . Ethics and International Affairs , 18 ( 3 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Colás , A. 2007 . Empire , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Colomer , J.M. 2007 . Great empires, small nations , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , R. 2000 . The post-modern state and the world order , London : Demos .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M. 2003 . The empire’s back in town: or America’s imperial temptation – again . Millenium: Journal of International Studies , 32 ( 1 ) : 1 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane , D. , Kawashima , N. and Kawasaki , K. , eds. 2002 . Global culture: media, arts, policy, and globalization , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , H. 2010 . The financial crisis: who is to blame? , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly , J. 2006 . Sovereign inequalities and hierarchy in anarchy: American power and international society . European Journal of International Relations , 12 ( 2 ) : 139 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , M.W. 1986 . Empires , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenstadt , S.N. 1963 . The political systems of empires , New York , NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2011. Joint communication to the European Council, the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the southern Mediterranean, 8 March 2011. Brussels: EC.
   Google Scholar
• European Security Strategy (ESS), 2003. Brussels: Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Fabbrini , S. , ed. 2006 . The United States contested. American unilateralism and European discontent , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , N. 2004 . Colossus. The price of America’s empire , New York , NY : Allen Lane .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , Y.H. and Mansbach , R.W. 1996 . Polities: authority, identities, and change , Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , L. 2004 . War in Iraq: selling the threat . Survival , 46 ( 2 ) : 7 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galtung , J. 1971 . A structural theory of imperialism . Journal of Peace Research , 8 ( 2 ) : 81 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi , L. 1998 . Postcolonial theory: a critical introduction , New York , NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garton Ash , T. 2004 . Free world , London : Allen Lane .
   Google Scholar
• Gilpin , R. 1981 . War and change in world politics , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hardt , M. and Negri , A. 2000 . Empire , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harries , O. 1993 . The collapse of the west . Foreign Affairs , 72 ( 4 ) : 41 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henehan , M.T. 2000 . Foreign policy and congress: an international relations perspective , Ann Arbor , MI : The University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hevia , J.L. 1995 . Cherishing men from afar: Qing guest ritual and the Macartney embassy of 1793 , Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Houweling , H. and Amineh , M.P. 2003 . The geopolitics of power projection in US foreign policy: from colonization to globalization . Perspectives on Global Development and Technology , 2 ( 3–4 ) : 339 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Ikenberry , G.J. 2002 . “ American unipolarity: the sources of persistence and decline ” . In America unrivalled. The future of the balance of power , Edited by: Ikenberry , G.J. 284 – 310 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ikenberry , G.J. 2004 . Illusions of empire. Defining the new American order . Foreign Affairs , 83 ( 2 ) : 144 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoguchi , T. and Jackson , L. , eds. 1998 . Memories of war: the Second World War and Japanese historical memory in comparative perspective , Tokyo : The United Nations University Press .
   Google Scholar
• International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) . 2010 . The military balance 2010 , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• James , H. 2006 . The Roman predicament. How the rules of international order create the politics of empire , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Joseph , J. 2002 . Hegemony: a realist analysis , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kagan , R. 2003 . Of paradise and power: America and Europe in the new world order , New York , NY : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Kapur , D. and Mehta , P.B. , eds. 2006 . Public institutions in India: performance and design , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kautsky , J.H. 1982 . The politics of aristocratic empires , Chapel Hill , NC : The University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , P. 1987 . The rise and fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 , New York , NY : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Khanna, P., 2010. Future shock. Welcome to the middle ages. Financial Times, December 28.
   Google Scholar
• Laidi , Z. 2008 . Norms over force: the enigma of European power , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , M. 2007 . The early Chinese: Qin and Han , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lieven , D.C.B. 2000 . Empire. The Russian empire and its rivals , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Linberg , T. , ed. 2005 . Beyond paradise and power. Europe, America and the future of a troubled partnership , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Maier , C.S. 2006 . Among empires: American ascendancy and its predecessors , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manners , I. 2006 . European Union ‘normative power’ and the security challenge . European Security , 15 ( 4 ) : 405 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Motyl , A.J. 1997 . “ Thinking about empire ” . In After empire: multiethnic societies and nation building: the Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Hapsburg empires , Edited by: Barkey , K. and von Hagen , M. 19 – 29 . Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Motyl , A.J. 2001 . Imperial ends: the decay, collapse, and revival of empires , New York , NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Münkler , H. 2007 . Empires: the logic of world domination from ancient Rome to the United States , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• New York Times, 2003. President Bush’s address to the nation. New York Times, 8 September. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/08/international/08PTEX.html?scp=1&sq=President%20Bush%E2%80%99s%20address%20to%20the%20nation,%20September%20%202003&st=cse [Accessed 15 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Nowak , A. 2008 . History and geopolitics: a contest for eastern Europe , Warsaw : Polish Institute of International Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• NSS, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, 2002. Washington, DC: The White House.
   Google Scholar
• NSS, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, 2010. Washington, DC: The White House.
   Google Scholar
• Nye , J.S. 2002 . The paradox of American power: why the world’s only superpower can’t go it alone , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nye , J.S. 2004 . Soft power: the means to success in world politics , New York , NY : Public Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Obama, B., 2011. Address by the President to a Joint Session of Congress, Washington, DC, September 8, 2011. Available from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/08/address-president-joint-session-congress.
   Google Scholar
• Østergaard , U. 1997 . “ Nation states and empires in the current process of European change ” . In Geopolitics in post-wall Europe. Security, territory and identity , Edited by: Tunander , O. , Baev , P. and Einagel , V.I. 94 – 119 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , N. 2010 . Empire as a geopolitical figure . Geopolitics , 15 ( 1 ) : 109 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , J. 2004 . America as a European power: the end of empire by integration? . International Affairs , 80 ( 4 ) : 613 – 629 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestovitz , C. 2003 . Rogue nation , New York , NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , J. 2006 . European Union: power and policy-making , Abingdon : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ruggie , J.G. 1993 . Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations . International Organization , 47 ( 1 ) : 139 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said , E.W. 1993 . Culture and imperialism , London : Chatto & Windus .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , J. and Wiener , A. 2000 . “ The paradox of the ‘European polity’ ” . In The state of the European Union, V: risks, reform, resistance, and revival , Edited by: Cowles , M.G. and Smith , M. 64 – 89 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , K.E. 2008 . European Union foreign policy in a changing world , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen , G. 2004 . The transformation of the state. Beyond the myth of retreat , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz , J.E. 2010 . Freefall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy , New York , NY : WW Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Terrill , R. 2003 . The new Chinese empire , Sydney : UNSW Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tunander , O. 1997 . “ Post-cold War Europe: a synthesis of a bipolar friend-foe structure and a hierarchic cosmos-chaos structure? ” . In Geopolitics in post-wall Europe. Security, territory and identity , Edited by: Tunander , O. , Baev , P. and Einagel , V.I. 17 – 44 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Ullmann , W. 2003 . A short history of the papacy in the middle ages , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• US Assistance, 2010. US assistance to Europe and Eurasia. Available from: http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ace/index.htm [Accessed 2 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Wæver , O. 1997 . “ Imperial metaphors: emerging European analogies to pre-nation-state imperial systems ” . In Geopolitics in post-wall Europe. Security, territory and identity , Edited by: Tunander , O. , Baev , P. and Einagel , V.I. 59 – 93 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Waltz , K.N. 2001 . Man, the state and war: a theoretical analysis , New York , NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , A. 1992 . The evolution of international society: a comparative historical analysis , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Welt, 2007. Dimensionen eines Imperiums [interview with José Manuel Barroso]. Die Welt. 17 October 2007, p. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Wider Europe, 2003. Wider Europe – neighbourhood: a new framework for relations with our eastern and southern neighbours. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2003)104, final. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf [Accessed 1 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Wight , M. 1991 . International theory: the three traditions , Leicester : Leicester University Press for the RIIA .
   Google Scholar
• Zielonka , J. 2006 . Europe as empire. The nature of the enlarged European Union , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zielonka , J. 2008 . Europe as a global actor: empire by example? . International Affairs , 84 ( 3 ) : 471 – 484 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar