829
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The crisis of American soft power

References

  • Ackerman, E. and Sacchetti, M., 2018. Trump’s ban on asylum for illegal border crossers challenged in court. The Washington Post, 19 Nov.
  • Baker, P. and Rogers, K., 2018. In Trump’s America, the conversation turns ugly and angry, starting at the top. The New York Times, June 20.
  • Baldwin, D.A., 1979. Power analysis and world politics: new trends versus old tendencies. World Politics, 31 (2), 161–194. doi:10.2307/2009941
  • Barbash, F. and Paul, D., 2019.The real reason the Trump administration is constantly losing in court. The Washington Post, 19 Mar.
  • Bartlett, B., 2020. The GOP’s murderous anti-intellectualism. The New Republic, 13 Jul.
  • Beinhart, P., 2017. The racial and religious paranoia of Trump’s Warsaw speech. The Atlantic, 6 Jul.
  • Berger, M., 2021. U.S. listed as ‘backsliding’ democracy for first time in report by European think tank. The Washington Post, 22 Nov.
  • Birnbaum, M. and Kim, S.M., 2018. Trump berates NATO allies and then asks them to double their defense spending goals. The Washington Post, 11 Jul.
  • Blake, A., 2017a. Trump’s travel ban is causing chaos—and putting his unflinching nationalism to the test. The Washington Post, 29 Jan.
  • Blake, A., 2017b. Analysis: China is emerging as Case Study No. 1 of Trump’s erratic foreign policy. The Washington Post, 5 July.
  • Blake, A., 2021. Analysis: Trump’s ‘Big Lie’ was bigger than just a stolen election. The Washington Post, 12 Feb.
  • Brooks, S.G. and Wohlforth, W.C., 2016. America abroad: why the sole superpower should not pull back from the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bump, P., 2017. Analysis: an overview of the firings, resignations and withdrawn nominations of the Trump White House. The Washington Post, 21 Jul.
  • Bump, P., 2021a. Analysis: a better pandemic response might have saved hundreds of thousands of lives—and Trump’s presidency. The Washington Post, 25 Mar.
  • Bump, P., 2021b. Analysis: the Republican Party is trying a new kind of politics. The Washington Post, 2 Jun.
  • Bump, P., 2021c. Analysis: the Minoritarian third of the Supreme Court. The Washington Post, 2 Dec.
  • Colby, E.A. and Mitchell, A., 2020. The age of great-power competition: how the Trump administration refashioned American strategy. Foreign Affairs, 99 (1), 118–130.
  • Colvin, J., 2021. GOP leaders say little to condemn violent political rhetoric. The Washington Post, 11 Nov.
  • Cooley, A. and Nexon, D.H., 2020. How hegemony ends. Foreign Affairs, 99 (4), 143–157.
  • Davidson, J., 2021. Perspective: GAO report slams Trump administration response to the coronavirus pandemic. The Washington Post, 2 Feb.
  • Dawsey, J., 2018. Trump calls Saudi Arabia a ‘great ally,’ discounts crown prince’s responsibility for Khashoggi’s death. The Washington Post, 20 Nov.
  • Demirjian, K., 2021. Momentum of Capitol riot inquiries stalls amid partisan flare-ups. The Washington Post, 16 Mar.
  • Deudney, D. and Ikenberry, G.J., 1999. The nature and sources of liberal international order. Review of International Studies, 25 (2), 179–196. doi:10.1017/S0260210599001795
  • DeYoung, K., 2020. Biden foreign policy begins with telling the world: ‘America’s back.’ The Washington Post, 21 Oct.
  • DeYoung, K., 2021. Biden’s submarine accord with Australia angers both France and China. The Washington Post, 16 Sept.
  • Elperin, J., 2021. Biden rejoins Paris climate accord, works to overturn Trump’s climate policies. The Washington Post, 20 Jan.
  • Epps, G., 2020. Trump is at war with the whole idea of an independent judiciary. The Atlantic, 4 Mar.
  • Epps, G., 2021. How the Trump era changed the supreme court. Washington Monthly, 17 Nov.
  • Farhi, P., 2020. New study says Trump has ‘dangerously undermined truth” with attacks on news media. The Washington Post, 16 Apr.
  • Fisher, M., et al., 2021. The four-hour insurrection. The Washington Post, 7 Jan.
  • Flynn, M., 2019. Analysis: Trump wants South Korea and Japan to pay more for defense. The Washington Post, 26 Nov.
  • Frankel, J.A., 2000. Globalization of the economy. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Frum, D., 2017. The Falsehood at the core of Trump’s Warsaw speech. The Atlantic, 7 July.
  • Gallarotti, G.M., 2010a. The power curse: influence & illusion in world politics. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Gallarotti, G.M., 2010b. Cosmopolitan power in international relations: a synthesis of realism, neoliberalism, and constructivism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gallarotti, G.M., 2011. Soft power: what it is, why it’s important, and the conditions for its effective use. Journal of Political Power, 4 (1), 25–47. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2011.557886
  • Gallarotti, G.M., 2015. Smart power: definitions, importance, and effectiveness. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38 (3), 245–281. doi:10.1080/01402390.2014.1002912
  • Gallarotti, G.M., 2021. The changing? Face of power in international relations, 1979–2019. Journal of Political Power, 14 (1), 209–234. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2021.1879573
  • Gallarotti, G.M., 2022. Soft power and US foreign economic policy. In: H.W. Ohnesorge, ed. Soft power and the future of U.S. Foreign Policy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Gearan, A., 2021. Strongmen who got cozy with Trump get the cold shoulder from Biden. The Washington Post, 4 May.
  • Gearan, A. and Demirjian, K., 2018. Trump trade adviser says no exceptions for allies on new aluminum and steel tariffs. The Washington Post, 4 Mar.
  • Gearan, A. and Parker, A., 2021. Biden tells the world ‘America is back.’ The world isn’t so sure. The Washington Post, 27 Feb.
  • Goldman, A., 2021. New report warns of rising threat of domestic terrorism. The New York Times, 17 Mar.
  • Haass, R., 2020. Opinions: Trump’s foreign policy doctrine? The withdrawal doctrine. The Washington Post, 27 May.
  • Hannah, M. and Gray, C., 2020. Global views of American democracy: implications for Coronavirus and beyond. New York: Eurasia Group Fund.
  • Hatzipanagos, R., 2019. Analysis: even before the El Paso mass shooting, Latinos said Trump’s anti-immigrant rhetoric made them feel unsafe. The Washington Post, 16 Aug.
  • Helderman, R.S., Weiner, R., and Hsu, S.S., 2021. On cusp of impeachment trial, court documents point to how Trump’s rhetoric fueled rioters who attacked Capitol. The Washington Post, 7 Feb.
  • Hill, A. and Martinez-Diaz, L., 2020. Adapt or perish: preparing for the inescapable effects of climate change. Foreign Affairs, 99 (1), 107–117.
  • Hudson, J., 2018. Why Trump torpedoed Obama’s Iran deal. The Washington Post, 8 May.
  • Ikenberry, G.J., 2011. Liberal leviathan: the origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jervis, R., 2009. Unipolarity: a structural perspective. World Politics, 61 (1), 188–213. doi:10.1017/S0043887109000070
  • Johnson, J., 2015. Immigration continues to be Donald Trump’s rallying issue. The Washington Post, 22 Oct.
  • Johnson, J., 2016. Donald Trump is expanding his Muslim ban, not rolling it back. The Washington Post, 24 July.
  • Kearn, D.W., 2011. The hard truths about soft power. Journal of Political Power, 4 (1), 65–85. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2011.556869
  • Kennedy, P., 1987. The rise and fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House.
  • Keohane, R.O., 1984. After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Keohane, R.O. and Nye, J.S., 1977. Power and interdependence: world politics in transition. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Kim, S.M., 2019a. Trump’s plan to overhaul legal immigration draws cool reception. The Washington Post, 16 May.
  • Kim, S.M., 2019b. Trump’s defiance of oversight presents challenge to Congress’s ability to rein in the executive branch. The Washington Post, 6 October.
  • Kirshner, J., 2021. Gone but not forgotten: Trump’s long shadow and the end of American credibility. Foreign Affairs, 100 (2), 18–27.
  • Krastev, I. and Leonard, M., 2021. The crisis of American power: how Europeans see Biden’s America. London: European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Levy, J.S. and Thompson, W.R., 2010. Balancing on land and at seas: do states ally against the leading global power? International Security, 35 (1), 7–43. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00001
  • Lewis, M., 2018. The fifth risk. New York: W.W Norton & Company.
  • Lieb, D.A. and Riccardi, N. , 2021. Gerrymandering surges as states redraw maps for House seats., 10 Nov.
  • Long, H., 2020. Analysis: was Trump’s China trade war worth it? The Washington Post, 15 Jan.
  • Lynch, D.J. and Rauhala, E., 2020. Trump says U.S. to withdraw from World Health Organization and announces new broadsides against Beijing. The Washington Post, 29 May.
  • Mahtani, S. and Berger, M., 2020. World now looks at how Biden will reshape U.S. policies after turbulent Trump era. The Washington Post, 7 Nov.
  • Marcus, R., 2021. Opinion: the Supreme Court’s crisis of legitimacy. The Washington Post, 1 Oct.
  • Mattis, J., 2017. Summary of the national defense strategy of the United States of America: sharpening the American military’s competitive edge. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.
  • Mazarr, M., 2017. The once and future order: what comes after Hegemony? Foreign Affairs, 96 (1), 25–32.
  • McCartney, R., 2020. Perspective: Trump’s move to fill civil service with political hacks and cronies reflects his contempt for actual expertise. The Washington Post, 1 Nov.
  • McIntyre, L., 2018. Post-truth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Mearsheimer, J.J., 2001. The tragedy of great power politics updated edition. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Mearsheimer, J.J., 2021. The inevitable rivalry: America, China, and the tragedy of great-power politics. Foreign Affairs, 100 (6), 48–59.
  • Morello, C., 2020. Biden to face wary allies after four years of Trump’s ‘America First’ rhetoric. The Washington Post, 9 Dec.
  • Nakamura, D., 2018. Trump-Kim summit: Trump says after historic meeting, ‘We have developed a special bond.’ The Washington Post, 12 Jun.
  • Ni, V., 2021. EU parliament ‘freezes’ China trade deal over sanctions. The Guardian, 20 May.
  • Niblett, R.N., 2017. Liberalism in retreat: the demise of the dream. Foreign Affairs, 96 (1), 17–25.
  • Norris, P., 2021. Voters against democracy: the roots of autocratic resurgence. Foreign Affairs, 100 (3), 174–178.
  • Nye, J.S., 1991. Bound to lead: the changing nature of American power. New York: Basic Books.
  • Nye, J.S., 2003. The paradox of American power: why the world’s only superpower can’t go it alone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, J.S., 2004a. Soft power and American foreign policy. Political Science Quarterly, 119 (2), 255–270. doi:10.2307/20202345
  • Nye, J.S., 2004b. Soft power: the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J.S., 2011. Power and foreign policy. Journal of Political Power, 4 (1), 9–24. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2011.555960
  • Olen, H., 2018. Opinion: the Trump administration’s corruption train rolls on. The Washington Post, 22 Jun.
  • O’Toole, F., 2020. Donald Trump has destroyed the country he promised to make great again. Irish Times, 25 Apr.
  • Owen, J.M., 1994. How liberalism produces the democratic peace. International Security, 19 (2), 87–125. doi:10.2307/2539197
  • Owen, J.M., 2001. Transnational liberalism and U.S. primacy. International Security, 26 (3), 117–152. doi:10.1162/016228801753399745
  • Page, S. and Elbeshbishi, S., 2021. Defeated and impeached, Trump still commands the loyalty of the GOP’s voters. The Washington Post, 22 Feb.
  • Paletta, D. and Swanson, A., 2017. Trump suggests ignoring World Trade Organization in major policy shift. The Washington Post, 1 Mar.
  • Parker, A., Pager, T., and Sotomayor, M., 2022. Biden at war: inside a deliberate yet impulsive Ukraine strategy. The Washington Post, 7 Apr.
  • Patrick, S., 2014. The unruled world: the case for good enough global governance. Foreign Affairs, 93 (1), 58–73.
  • Patrick, S.M., 2017. Trump and world order: the return of self-help. Foreign Affairs, 96 (2), 52–59.
  • Philips, A., 2017. ‘They’re rapists.’ President Trump’s campaign launch speech two years later, annotated. The Washington Post 16 June.
  • Ray, J. 2020. Biden inherits a battered U.S. image abroad, Gallup, 17 Dec.
  • Ray, J. 2021. U.S. approval ratings rally from record lows, Gallup, 19 Oct.
  • Reynolds, M.E. and Gode, J., 2021. Divided government, disruptive President: congressional oversight of the executive branch in the 116th congress. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
  • Rodriguez, L., 2019. Perspective: the Trump administration is making legal immigration harder, too. The Washington Post, 29 Jun.
  • Sargent, G., 2018. Opinions: Trump just denied his ‘shithole’ comment. In the process he confirmed the worst. The Washington Post, 12 Jan.
  • Sargent, G., 2021. Opinion: a dangerous trend among GOP candidates shows Trump threat is here to stay. The Washington Post, 10 Sep.
  • Scott, E., 2019. Trump’s most insulting—and violent—language is often reserved for immigrants. The Washington Post, 2 Oct.
  • Shear, M.D., et al., 2020. Inside Trump’s failure: the Rush to abandon leadership role on the virus. The New York Times, 15 Sep.
  • Smith, D., 2017. Trump’s Warsaw speech pits western world against barbarians at the gates. The Guardian, 6 Jul.
  • Stein, J., 2020a. Trump signs USMCA, revamping North American trade rules. The Washington Post, 29 Jan.
  • Stein, J., 2020b. Analysis: Trump immigration plan could keep whites in U.S. majority for up to five more years. The Washington Post, 6 Feb.
  • Stein, J., 2021. Biden, other G-20 world leaders formally endorse groundbreaking global corporate minimum tax. The Washington Post, 30 Oct.
  • Terris, B., 2015. Donald Trump begins 2016 Bid, citing his outsider status. The Washington Post, 16 Jun.
  • Tharoor, I. 2021. Analysis: the awkward timing of Europe’s deal with China. The Washington Post, 5 Jan.
  • Trump, D.J., 2017a. Remarks by President Trump to the people of Poland, July 6. Washington, DC: Office of the White House.
  • Trump, D.J., 2017b. National security strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: Office of the White House.
  • Viebeck, E., Gardner, A., and Scherer, M., 2020. Trump, GOP challenge efforts to make voting easier amid coronavirus pandemic. The Washington Post, 4 Apr.
  • Viser, M., 2021. ‘America first lite’: Afghanistan withdrawal brings a Biden Doctrine into focus. The Washington Post, 21 Aug.
  • Wagner, J., 2017. Trump voter fraud commission sued by one of its own members, alleging Democrats are being kept in the dark. The Washington Post, 9 Nov.
  • Wagner, J., 2019. Trump threatens to close the southern border next week, saying he’s ‘not playing games. The Washington Post, 29 Mar.
  • Wagner, J. 2021a. Trump acquitted by minority of senate on charge of inciting Jan. 6 riot at Capitol. The Washington Post, 13 Feb.
  • Wagner, J., 2021b. Trump expresses solidarity with rioters arrested in Jan. 6 attack ahead of planned rally. The Washington Post, 16 Sep.
  • Wike, R., et al., 2018. Trump’s international ratings remain low, especially among Allies: most still want U.S. as top global power, but China on the rise. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
  • Wike, R., et al., 2021. America's image abroad rebounds with transition from Trump to Biden: but many raise concerns about health of U.S. political system. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
  • Wike, R., Fetterolf, J., and Mordecai, M., 2020. U.S. image Plummet’s internationally as most say country had handled coronavirus badly: ratings for Trump remain poor. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
  • Williamson, K.D., 2020. Perspective: Trumpism expanded the GOP tent. Don’t expect Republicans to abandon it now. The Washington Post, 9 Nov.
  • Wright, T., 2021. The center cannot hold: will divided world survive common threats? Foreign Affairs, 100 (5), 192–203.
  • Yong, E., 2020. How the pandemic defeated America. The Atlantic, Sep.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.