War, toys, play to heal: priming designers to create playthings promoting resilience in children in war zones

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd
   Google Scholar
• Archer, B. (1979). Design as a discipline. Design Studies, 1(1), 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Association for Play Therapy Board of Directors. (2020). Why play therapy is appropriate for children with symptoms of PTSD: 6 reasons why play therapy is an effective treatment choice for children with trauma. Retrieved from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.a4pt.org/resource/resmgr/publications/why_play_therapy_is_appropri.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee, B. (2008). Designer as agent of change: A vision for catalyzing rapid change. Proceedings of the Changing the Change Conference, Turin, pp. 192–204.
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Charrow, A. P., & To, W. A. (2013). Interventions for children affected by war: An ecological perspective on psychosocial support and mental health care. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 21(2), 70–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, S., Ray, D., Rhine, T., & Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(4), 367–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., Edwards, B., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K., … Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2018). The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on refugees’ parenting and their children's mental health: A cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(5), 249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillois, R. (2001). Man, play and games. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. (Original work published 1958).
   Google Scholar
• Center for Play Therapy. (2021). Recommended toy list. Retrieved from https://cpt.unt.edu/recommended-toy-list
   Google Scholar
• Chun, A. M. S., & Brisson, I. E. (2015). Introduction. In A. M. S. Chun, & I. E. Brisson (Eds.), Ground rules in humanitarian design (pp. 7–17). Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, E., & Gadassi, R. (2018). The function of play for coping and therapy with children exposed to disasters and political violence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(5), 31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E., Pat-Horenczyk, R., & Haar-Shamir, D. (2013). Making room for play: An innovative intervention for toddlers and families under rocket fire. Clinical Social Work Journal, 42(4), 336–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, N. (1982). Designerly ways of knowing. Design Studies, 3(1), 221–227.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: The work and lives of 91 eminent people. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• de Bono, E. (1985). 6 thinking hats. Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Diehl, J. C., & Christiaans, H. H. C. M. (2015). Product service systems: the future for designers? The changing role of the industrial designer. Proceedings of the Design Connects International Design Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Doblin Associates, Robinson, R., Prokopoff, I., Cain, J., & Pokorny, J. (1991). AEIOU framework. R. Robinson, Building a useful research tool: An origin story of AEIOU (2015), EPIC. Retrieved from https://www.epicpeople.org/building-a-useful-research-tool/
   Google Scholar
• Eno, B., & Schmidt, P. (1975). Oblique strategies: Over one hundred worthwhile dilemmas. The Authors.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., & Vengrober, A. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in infants and young children exposed to war-related trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(7), 645–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, B. (2014). Play garden. The designer, with support from Justice Rising. Retrieved from https://theirworld.org/news/simple-toy-that-helps-children-in-drc-to-recover-from-trauma-of-war
   Google Scholar
• Gielen, M. (2010). Essential concepts in toy design education: Aimlessness, empathy and play value. In M. Gielen (Ed.), Special issue on toy design education: Teaching how to design the tools for play. International Journal of Arts and Technology, 3(1), 4–16.
   Google Scholar
• Gil, E. (ed.). (2017). Posttraumatic play in children: What clinicians need to know. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goodyear-Brown, P. (2019). Trauma and play therapy: Helping children heal. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, A. (2021). Toys from Trash. Retrieved from https://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys.html
   Google Scholar
• Hall, T. M., Kaduson, H. G., & Schaefer, C. E. (2002). Fifteen effective play therapy techniques. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(6), 515–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, I. C. Y. (2016). Solacium. HK PolyU Design. Retrieved from http://www.polyplaylab.com/public/worksproject136.html
   Google Scholar
• IDEO. (2003). IDEO method cards. San Francisco, CA: William Stout.
   Google Scholar
• Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., & De Jong, J. V. T. M. (2009). Systematic review of evidence and treatment approaches: Psychosocial and mental health care for children in war. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 14(1), 2–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, T., & Littman, J. (2005). The ten faces of innovation: IDEO's strategies for beating the devil's advocate and driving creativity throughout your organization. New York, NY: Currency/Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Keshavarz, M. (2018). The violence of humanitarian design. In A.-M. Willis (Ed.), The design philosophy reader (pp. 120–127). London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Khamis, V. (2015). Coping with war trauma and psychological distress among school-age Palestinian children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(1), 72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirollos, M., Anning, C., Fylkesnes, G. K., & Denselow, J. (2018). The war on children. Save the Children report. Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.net/waronchildren/pdf/waronchildren.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Koskinen, I., & Hush, G. (2016). Utopian, molecular and sociological social design. International Journal of Design, 10(1), 65–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landreth, G. (2012). Play therapy: The art of the relationship. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leclerc, R. (2010, February 2–6). Hong Kong Toy Design Lab: Shaping the toys to come - from the world’s production hotbed. Proceedings of the Designing for Children conference, IIT IDC Mumbai. Retrieved from https://www.designingforchildren.net/2010/papers/remi-leclerc-designingforchildren.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Leclerc, R. (2018). Hong Kong PolyPlay: An innovation lab for design, play, and education. In L. Magalhães, & J. Goldstein (Eds.), Toys and communication (pp. 275–300). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Leclerc, R. (2017). Play, think, design: Play as a means to acquire and enhance design thinking skills. In K. W. M. Siu, & J. C. Contreras (Eds.), Design education for fostering creativity and innovation in China (pp. 179–211). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Leclerc, R., & Horan, R. (2016). ‘Fit’ for change: Measuring designer competence. International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, 6(3-4), 185–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. H., Tse, B., Lai, N., Goggins, W., Baum, L., & Nelson, E. (2018). Hong Kong's role in global health: Public opinion of official development assistance. PLOS one, 13(12). Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207687
   Google Scholar
• Lefebre, J. A. (2018). ADAPT: A developmental attachment-based play therapy. Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, D. A., & Rayport, J. F. (1997). Spark innovation through empathic design. Harvard Business Review, 75(6), 102–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyman, F. (1981). The responsive classroom discussion. In A. S. Anderson (Ed.), Mainstreaming digest (pp. 109–113). College Park, MD: University of Maryland College of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Macksoud, M. S. (2000). Helping children cope with the stresses of war. New York, NY: UNICEF Programme Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Manzini, E., & Vezzoli, C. (2002). Product service systems and sustainability. Opportunities for sustainable solutions. Paris, France: UNEP DTIE.
   Google Scholar
• Margolin, V., & Margolin, S. (2002). A “social model” of design: Issues of practice and research. Design Issues, 18(4), 24–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattelmäki, T., Vaajakallio, K., & Koskinen, I. (2014). What happened to empathic design? Design Issues, 30(1), 67–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, S. (2021). Empathy map. Retrieved from https://xplane.com/worksheets/empathy-map-worksheet/
   Google Scholar
• McCarty, B. (2022). War toys. Retrieved from http://wartoysproject.com/
   Google Scholar
• Mittelman, R., & Dow, D. (2018). Biases in charitable giving to international humanitarian aid: The role of psychic distance. Journal of Macromarketing, 38(4), 383–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moggridge, B. (2010, August 4). An innovation framework. In B. Moggridge (Ed.), What is design? [Video]. Keynote lecture presentation slide (pp. 20:57). New York, NY: Smithsonian Design Institute – Cooper Hewitt. Retrieved from https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2010/08/04/cooper-hewitt-bill-moggridge-what-is-design/
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, K., Schaefer, C., & Braverman, L. D. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of play therapy (2nd ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Østby, G., Rustad, S. A., & Tollefsen, A. F. (2018). Children affected by armed conflict, 1990–2017. Conflict trends, 10. Oslo: PRIO. Retrieved from https://www.prio.org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id = 1768&type = publicationfile
   Google Scholar
• Pearn, J. (2003). Children and war. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 39(3), 166–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, D. C. (2011). Advanced play therapy: Essential conditions, knowledge, and skills for child practice. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ray, D. C. (2015). Research in play therapy: Empirical support for practice. In D. A. Crenshaw, & A. L. Stewart (Eds.), Play therapy: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice (pp. 467–482). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, J. (2013). Entangled inequalities as intersectionalities: Towards an epistemic sensibilization (Working Paper Series, 43). Berlin: Research Network on Interdependent Inequalities in Latin America. Retrieved from https://www.desigualdades.net/Resources/Working_Paper/43_WP_Roth_Online.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, C. E., & Drewes, A. A. (Eds.). (2014). The therapeutic powers of play: 20 core agents of change (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, C. E., & Peabody, M. A. (2019). Glossary of play therapy terms. Retrieved from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.a4pt.org/resource/resmgr/docs/Glossary_of_Play_Therapy_Ter.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Simon, H. A. (1988). The science of design: Creating the artificial. Design Issues, 4(1/2), 67–82.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, W. (2003). Using drawing in short-term trauma resolution. In C. A. Malchiodi (Ed.), Handbook of art therapy (pp. 139–151). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thabet, A. A., Tawahina, A. A., El Sarraj, E., & Vostanis, P. (2007). Exposure to war trauma and PTSD among parents and children in the Gaza strip. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(4), 191–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Human Rights Council. (2020). Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. (2013). Working paper N° 1: The six grave violations against children during armed conflict: the legal foundation. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen, L., & Westwood, D. (2010). If Winnicott could make toys … In M. Gielen (Ed.), Special issue on toy design education: Teaching how to design the tools for play. International Journal of Arts and Technology, 3(1), 57–65.
   Google Scholar
• von Oech, R. (1973). Creative whack pack. Stamford, CT: U.S. Games Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E. (2012). Children and war: Risk, resilience, and recovery. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 553–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker-Howe, S. (2014). In E Watt, Simple toy that helps children in DRC to recover from trauma of war. Their World. Retrieved from https://theirworld.org/news/simple-toy-that-helps-children-in-drc-to-recover-from-trauma-of-war
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. A., & Brown, R. D. (2008). Introduction. In R. A. Wilson, & R. D. Brown (Eds.), Humanitarianism and suffering: The mobilization of empathy (pp. 1–28). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott, D. W. (1953). Transitional objects and transitional phenomena; a study of the first not-me possession. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 34, 89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar