1,183
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Stories of acceptance and resistance: illness identity construction in athletes (mis)diagnosed with a personality disorder

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 117-133 | Received 12 Dec 2022, Accepted 11 Oct 2023, Published online: 17 Oct 2023

References

  • Adriansen, H. K. 2012. “Timeline Interviews: A Tool for Conducting Life History Research.” Qualitative Studies 3 (1): 40–55. https://doi.org/10.7146/qs.v3i1.6272.
  • American Psychiatric Association. 2022. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. text rev. American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Andrews, M. 2004. “Opening to the Original Contributions: Counter-Narratives and the Power to Oppose.” In Considering Counter Narratives: Narrating, Resisting, Making Sense, edited by M.G.W. Bamberg and M. Andrews, 1–6. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.
  • Beatson, J. A., J. H. Broadbear, C. Duncan, D. Bourton, and S. Rao. 2019. “Avoiding Misdiagnosis When Auditory Verbal Hallucinations are Present in Borderline Personality Disorder.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 207 (12): 1048–1055. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001073.
  • Berger, B. 2014. “Power, Selfhood, and Identity: A Feminist Critique of Borderline Personality Disorder.” Advocates’ Forum 1–8.
  • Busanich, R., K. R. McGannon, and R. J. Schinke. 2014. “Comparing Elite Male and Female Distance Runner’s Experiences of Disordered Eating Through Narrative Analysis.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15 (6): 705–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.002.
  • Caddick N, Phoenix C and Smith B. (2015). Collective stories and well-being: Using a dialogical narrative approach to understand peer relationships among combat veterans experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of health psychology, 20(3), 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314566612.
  • Campbell, K., K. A. Clarke, D. Massey, and R. Lakeman. 2020. “Borderline Personality Disorder: To Diagnose or Not to Diagnose? That is the Question.” International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 29 (5): 972–981. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12737.
  • Carless, D. 2008. “Narrative, Identity, and Recovery from Serious Mental Illness: A Life History of a Runner.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 5 (4): 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880701826101.
  • Chapman, R. 2020. Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm, 218–220. Routledge.
  • Corrigan, P. W. 2007. “How Clinical Diagnosis Might Exacerbate the Stigma of Mental Illness.” Social Work 52 (1): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/52.1.31.
  • Corrigan, P. W., J. Rafacz, and N. Rüsch 2011. “Examining a Progressive Model of Self-Stigma and Its Impact on People with Serious Mental Illness.” Psychiatry Research 189 (3): 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.024.
  • Cosh, S. M., D. G. McNeil, and P. J. Tully. 2021. “Poor Mental Health Outcomes in Crisis Transitions: An Examination of Retired Athletes Accounting of Crisis Transition Experiences in a Cultural Context.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health 13 (4): 604–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1765852.
  • Crawford, K. L., B. Wilson, L. Hurd, and M. R. Beauchamp. 2023. “Reaching Out: Help-Seeking Among Professional Male Ice Hockey Athletes.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health 15 (3): 364–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2022.2111458.
  • Crossley, M. L. 2000. “Narrative Psychology, Trauma and the Study of Self/Identity.” Theory & Psychology 10 (4): 527–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354300104005.
  • Day, M. C., J. Hine, R. Wadey, and F. Cavallerio. 2023. “A Letter to My Younger Self: Using a Novel Written Data Collection Method to Understand the Experiences of Athletes in Chronic Pain.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health 15 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2022.2127860.
  • Deacon, B. J. 2013. “The Biomedical Model of Mental Disorder: A Critical Analysis of Its Validity, Utility, and Effects on Psychotherapy Research.” Clinical Psychology Review 33 (7): 846–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.007.
  • Deacon, B. J., and G. L. Baird. 2009. “The Chemical Imbalance Explanation of Depression: Reducing Blame at What Cost?” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 28 (4): 415–435. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.4.415.
  • Delgado, R. 1989. “Storytelling for Oppositionists and Others: A Plea for Narrative.” Michigan Law Review 87 (8): 2411–2441. https://doi.org/10.2307/1289308.
  • Elbe, A. M., and S. Nylandsted Jensen. 2016. “Commentary: Comparison of athletes’ Proneness to Depressive Symptoms in Individual and Team Sports: Research on Psychological Mediators in Junior Elite Athletes.” Frontiers in Psychology 7:1782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01782.
  • Frank, A. 1995. The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness & Ethics, 75–90. Chigaco and London: The University of Chigaco Press.
  • Frank, A. W. 2010. Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-Narratology, 70–75. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Frank, A. W. 2012. Varieties of Narrative Analysis, 33–52. Vol. 2010. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Freeman, M. 2010. “The Space of Selfhood: Culture, Narrative, Identity.” In The Sociocultural Turn in Psychology: The Contextual Emergence of Mind and Self, edited by S. R. Kirschner and J. Martin, 137–158, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Goffman, E. 1963. “Embarrassment and Social Organization.” American Journal of Sociology 62 (3): 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1086/222003.
  • Ing, C., and J. P. Mills. 2019. “‘Hey, Look at me’: An {auto} Ethnographic Account of Experiencing ADHD Symptoms within Sport.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health 11 (2): 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2017.1405362.
  • Iversen, S., and A. N. Kildahl. 2022. “Case Report: Mechanisms in Misdiagnosis of Autism as Borderline Personality Disorder.” Frontiers in Psychology 13:735205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.735205.
  • Jacob, K. S. 2015. “Recovery Model of Mental Illness: A Complementary Approach to Psychiatric Care.” Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 37 (2): 117–119. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.155605.
  • Jewett, R., G. Kerr, and K. Tamminen. 2019. “University Sport Retirement and Athlete Mental Health: A Narrative Analysis.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health 11 (3): 416–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1506497.
  • Jutel, A. 2010. “Medically Unexplained Symptoms and the Disease Label.” Social Theory & Health 8 (3): 229–245. https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2009.21.
  • Kapp, S. K., K. Gillespie-Lynch, L. E. Sherman, and T. Hutman. 2012. “Deficit, Difference, or Both? Autism and Neurodiversity.” Developmental Psychology 49 (1): 59. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028353.
  • Lebrun, F., À. MacNamara, S. Rodgers, and D. Collins 2018. “Learning from Elite athletes’ Experience of Depression.” Frontiers in Psychology 9, 2062.
  • Lewis, L. F. 2016. “Exploring the Experience of Self-Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults.” Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 30 (5): 575–580.
  • Malterud, K., L. Candib, and L. Code. 2004. “Responsible and Responsive Knowing in Medical Diagnosis: The Medical Gaze Revisited.” NORA-Nordic Journal of Feminist & Gender Research 12 (1): 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740410005712.
  • McAdams, D. P. 2018. “Narrative Identity: What is It? What Does It Do? How Do You Measure It?” Imagination, Cognition and Personality 37 (3): 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618756704.
  • McGannon, K. R., M. L’Estrange, and J. McMahon. 2020. “The Role of Ultrarunning in Drug and Alcohol Addiction Recovery: An Autobiographic Study of Athlete Journeys.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 46:101585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101585.
  • McKenzie, K., J. Gregory, and L. Hogg. 2022. “Mental Health workers’ Attitudes Towards Individuals with a Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review.” Journal of Personality Disorders 36 (1): 70–98. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2021_35_528.
  • McLeod, J. 1997. Narrative and Psychotherapy. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Miller, D., J. Rees, and A. Pearson. 2021. ““Masking is Life”: Experiences of Masking in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults.” Autism in Adulthood 3 (4): 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0083.
  • Milligan, F. 2003. “Defining Medicine and the Nature of Iatrogenic Harm.” In Limiting Harm in Health Care: A Nursing Perspective, 17–41. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Monrouxe, L. V. 2010. “Identity, Identification and Medical Education: Why Should We Care?” Medical Education 44 (1): 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03440.x.
  • Naslund, J. A., K. A. Aschbrenner, L. A. Marsch, and S. J. Bartels. 2016. “The Future of Mental Health Care: Peer-To-Peer Support and Social Media.” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25 (2): 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796015001067.
  • Newitt, L., P. Worth, and M. Smith. 2019. “Narrative Identity: From the Inside Out.” Counselling Psychology Quarterly 32 (3–4): 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1624506.
  • Ochs, E., and L. Capps. 1996. “Narrating the Self.” Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1): 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.19.
  • Ociskova, M., J. Prasko, K. Latalova, Z. Sedlackova, D. Kamaradova, A. Sandoval, and A. Grambal. 2017. “F* Ck Your Care if You Label Me! Borderline Personality Disorder, Stigma, and Self-Stigma.” Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva 59 (1): 16–22.
  • Palmer, C. 2016. “Ethics in Sport and Exercise Research: From Research Ethics Committees to Ethics in the Field.” In Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, edited by Smith Brett, Sparkes Andrew C, 338–351. Routledge.
  • Papathomas, A., and D. Lavallee. 2010. “Athlete Experiences of Disordered Eating in Sport.” Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise 2 (3): 354–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/19398441.2010.517042.
  • Papathomas, A., and D. Lavallee. 2012. “Eating Disorders in Sport: A Call for Methodological Diversity.” Revista De Psicología Del Deporte 21 (2): 387–392.
  • Papathomas, A., B. Smith, and D. Lavallee. 2015. “Family Experiences of Living with an Eating Disorder: A Narrative Analysis.” Journal of Health Psychology 20 (3): 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314566608.
  • Pereira Vargas, M. L. F., A. Papathomas, T. L. Williams, F. E. Kinnafick, and P. Rhodes. 2021. “Diverse Paradigms and Stories: Mapping ‘Mental illness’ in Athletes Through Meta-Study.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.2001840.
  • Pereira Vargas, M. L. F., and S. Winter. 2021. “Weight on the Bar Vs. Weight on the Scale: A Qualitative Exploration of Disordered Eating in Competitive Female Powerlifters.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 52:101822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101822.
  • Phoenix, C. 2010. “Seeing the World of Physical Culture: The Potential of Visual Methods for Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise.” Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise 2 (2): 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/19398441.2010.488017.
  • Phoenix, C., and B. Smith. 2011. “Telling a (Good?) Counterstory of Aging: Natural Bodybuilding Meets the Narrative of Decline.” Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 66 (5): 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr077.
  • Ponterotto, J. G. 2005. “Qualitative Research in Counseling Psychology: A Primer on Research Paradigms and Philosophy of Science.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 52 (2): 126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.126.
  • Poucher, Z. A., K. A. Tamminen, G. Kerr, and J. Cairney. 2021. “A Commentary on Mental Health Research in Elite Sport.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 33 (1): 60–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1668496.
  • Prior, E., A. Papathomas, and D. Rhind. 2022. “A Systematic Scoping Review of Athlete Mental Health within Competitive Sport: Interventions, Recommendations, and Policy.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2095659.
  • Purcell, R., K. Gwyther, and S. M. Rice. 2019. “Mental Health in Elite Athletes: Increased Awareness Requires an Early Intervention Framework to Respond to Athlete Needs.” Sports Medicine-Open 5 (1): 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0220-1.
  • Raymaker, D. M., A. R. Teo, N. A. Steckler, B. Lentz, M. Scharer, A. Delos Santos, S. K. Kapp, M. Hunter, A. Joyce, and C. Nicolaidis. 2020. ““Having All of Your Internal Resources Exhausted Beyond Measure and Being Left with No Clean-Up crew”: Defining Autistic Burnout.” Autism in Adulthood 2 (2): 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2019.0079.
  • Read, J., N. Haslam, L. Sayce, and E. Davies. 2006. “Prejudice and Schizophrenia: A Review of the ‘Mental Illness is an Illness Like Any other’ Approach.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114 (5): 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00824.x.
  • Richardson, E. V., and R. W. Motl. 2020. “Promoting Inclusion in a Fitness Center Through Non-Impaired Staff: Creating a Multi-Narrative Environment.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health 12 (4): 494–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1637926.
  • Richter, D., and J. Dixon 2023. “Models of Mental Health Problems: A Quasi-Systematic Review of Theoretical Approaches.” Journal of Mental Health 32 (2): 396–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2021.2022638.
  • Ricks, L., S. Kitchens, T. Goodrich, and E. Hancock. 2014. “My Story: The Use of Narrative Therapy in Individual and Group Counseling.” Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 9 (1): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2013.870947.
  • Riessman, C. K. 2008. Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
  • Shaw, C., and G. Proctor. 2005. “I. Women at the Margins: A Critique of the Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder.” Feminism & Psychology 15 (4): 483–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959-353505057620.
  • Sheehan, L., K. Nieweglowski, and P. Corrigan. 2016. “The Stigma of Personality Disorders.” Current Psychiatry Reports 18 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0654-1.
  • Shohet, M. 2007. “Narrating Anorexia: “full” and“struggling” Genres of Recovery.” Ethos 35 (3): 344–382. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.2007.35.3.344.
  • Smith, B., A. Bundon, and M. Best. 2016. “Disability Sport and Activist Identities: A Qualitative Study of Narratives of Activism Among Elite athletes’ with Impairment.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 26:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.003.
  • Smith, B., and K. R. McGannon. 2018. “Developing Rigor in Qualitative Research: Problems and Opportunities within Sport and Exercise Psychology.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11 (1): 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357.
  • Smith, B., and J. Monforte. 2020. “Stories, New Materialism and Pluralism: Understanding, Practising and Pushing the Boundaries of Narrative Analysis.” Methods in Psychology 2:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2020.100016.
  • Smith, B., and A. C. Sparkes. 2005. “Men, Sport, Spinal Cord Injury, and Narratives of Hope.” Social Science & Medicine 61 (5): 1095–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.011.
  • Smith, B., and A. C. Sparkes. 2008. “Contrasting Perspectives on Narrating Selves and Identities: An Invitation to Dialogue.” Qualitative Research 8 (1): 5–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107085221.
  • Smith, B., and A. C. Sparkes. 2009. “Narrative Inquiry in Sport and Exercise Psychology: What Can It Mean, and Why Might We Do It?” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.01.004.
  • Syed, M., and K. C. McLean. 2022. “Who Gets to Live the Good Life? Master Narratives, Identity, and Well-Being within a Marginalizing Society.” Journal of Research in Personality 100:104285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104285.
  • Ussher, J. M. 2017. “A Critical Feminist Analysis of Madness: Pathologising Femininity Through Psychiatric Discourse.” In Routledge International Handbook of Critical Mental Health, edited by Bruce, M. Z. Cohen, 72–78. Routledge.
  • Widuch, Kaja. 2021. “‘I Am Not a Monster': The Linguistic Stigma of Boderline Personality Disorder.” Psychological Applications and Trends 406–408.
  • Woods, A., A. Hart, and H. Spandler. 2019. “The Recovery Narrative: Politics and Possibilities of a Genre.” Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 46 (2): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-019-09623-y.
  • Yanos, P. T., D. Roe, and P. H. Lysaker. 2010. “The Impact of Illness Identity on Recovery from Severe Mental Illness.” American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 13 (2): 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487761003756860.