Pro-government demonstrations in Hungary – citizens’ autonomy and the role of the media

References

• Aelst, Peter, and Stefaan Walgrave. 2001. “Who is That (Wo)man in the Street? From the Normalisation of Protest to the Normalisation of the Protester.” European Journal of Political Research 39 (4): 461–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, Jeffrey. 1981. “The Mass News Media in Systemic, Historical and Comparative Perspective.” In Mass Media and Social Change, edited by Elihu Katz and Tamàs Szecskö, 17–52. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Arato, Andrew, and Jean L. Cohen. 1999. “Civil Society and the Public Sphere.” In Civil Society, Revolution and Constitution [Civil társadalom, forradalom és alkotmány], edited by Antal Örkény, 118–146. Budapest: Új Mandátum.
   Google Scholar
• Bajomi-Lázár, Péter, and Dorka Horváth. 2013. “The Continued Relevance of the Concept of Propaganda: Propaganda as Ritual in Contemporary Hungary.” Global Media and Communication 9 (3): 219–237.
   Google Scholar
• Beyerlein, Kraig, and John R. Hipp. 2006. “A two-stage Model for a two-stage Process: How Biographical Availability Matters for Social Movement Mobilization.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 11 (3): 299–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boykoff, Jules. 2006. “Framing Dissent: Mass-media Coverage of the Global Justice Movement.” New Political Science 28 (2): 201–228.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, Kenneth M., and Charles L. Davis. 1976. “The Structural Context of Politics and Dimensions of Regime Performance: Their Importance for the Comparative Study of Political Efficacy.” Comparative Political Studies 9: 189–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigall-Brown, Catherine. 2012. “From the Balconies to the Barricades, and Back? Trajectories of Participation in Contentious Politics.” Journal of Civil Society 8 (1): 17–38.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigall-Brown, Catherine, and Rima Wilkes. 2011. “Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada.” American Behavioral Scientist 56 (2): 223–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigall-Brown, Catherine, David A. Snow, Kelly Smith, and Theron Quist. 2009. “Explaining the Puzzle of Homeless Mobilization: An Examination of Differential Participation.” Sociological Perspectives 52 (3): 309–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, Stephen C. 1979. “Efficacy, Trust, and Political Behavior an Attempt to Resolve a Lingering Conceptual Dilemma.” American Politics Research 7 (2): 225–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauphinais, Pat Dewey, Steven E. Barkan, and Steven F. Cohn. 1992. “Predictors of Rank-and-file Feminist Activism: Evidence from the 1983 General Social Survey.” Social Problems 39: 332–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, Larry Jay. 2002. “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 21–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, Gemma. 2014. Social Movements and Protest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, Joakim. 2009. “Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes.” International Political Science Review 30 (1): 7–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esaiasson, Peter, Ann-Kristin Kölln, and Sedef Turper. 2015. “External Efficacy and Perceived Responsiveness—Similar but Distinct Concepts.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 27 (3): 432–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson, William A., and Gadi Wolfsfeld. 1993. “Movements and Media as Interacting Systems.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528: 114–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerő, Márton. 2012. “A civil társadalom néhány trendje Magyarországon 1990 után.” In Társadalmi integráció a jelenkori Magyarországon, edited by Imre Kovách, Csaba Dupcsik, Tamas P. Tóth, and Judit Takács, 317–342. Budapest: Argumentum-MTA TKSZI.
   Google Scholar
• Gerő, Márton, and Ákos Kopper. 2011. “A civil és politikai társadalom megkülönböztetése és kapcsolata a magyar civil társadalom gyarmatosításának egy folyamatáról.” In Nézőpontok, edited by Csaba Dupcsik, Imre Kovách, Tamás P. Tóth, and Judit Takács, 54–68. Budapest: MTA Szociológiai Kutatóintézet.
   Google Scholar
• Gerő, Márton, and Ákos Kopper. 2013. “Fake and Dishonest: Pathologies of Differentiation of the Civil and the Political Sphere in Hungary.” Journal of Civil Society 9 (4): 361–374.
   Google Scholar
• Gherghina, Sergiu. 2011. “Does Government Performance Matter? Electoral Support for Incumbents in six Post-communist Countries.” Contemporary Politics 17 (3): 257–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greskovits, Bela. 1998. The Political Economy of Protest and Patience. Budapest: Central University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, Marc Morje. 2003. The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kitts, James A. 2000. “Mobilizing in Black Boxes: Social Networks and Participation in Social Movement Organizations.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 5 (2): 241–257.
   Google Scholar
• Klandermans, Bert. 1984. “Mobilization and Participation: Social-Psychological Expansions of Resource Mobilization Theory.” American Sociological Review 49: 583–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klandermans, Bert. 1997. The Social Psychology of Protest. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Klandermans, Bert, and Dirk Oegema. 1987. “Potentials, Networks, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps towards Participation in Social Movements.” American Sociological Review 52: 519–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopecký, Petr. 2003. “Civil Society, Uncivil Society and Contentious Politics in Post-communist Europe.” In Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-Communist Europe, edited by Petr Kopecky and Cas Mudde, 1–17. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kovács, Kriszta and Gábor Attila Tóth. 2011. “Hungary's Constitutional Transformation.” European Constitutional Law Review 7 (2): 183–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Due Lake, Ronald, and Robert Huckfeldt. 1998. “Social Capital, Social Networks, and Political Participation.” Political Psychology 19 (3): 567–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde, Jonas, and Joakim Ekman. 2003. “Satisfaction with Democracy: A Note on a Frequently Used Indicator in Comparative Politics.” European Journal of Political Research 42 (3): 391–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malka, Ariel, Yphtach Lelkes, Sanjay Srivastava, Adam B. Cohen, and Dale T. Miller. 2012. “The Association of Religiosity and Political Conservatism: The Role of Political Engagement.” Political Psychology 33 (2): 275–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marien, Sofie, Marc Hooghe, and Ellen Quintelier. 2010. “Inequalities in Non-institutionalised Forms of Political Participation: A Multi-level Analysis of 25 Countries.” Political Studies 58 (1): 187–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marwell, Gerald, and Pamela Oliver. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McAdam, Doug. 1986. “Recruitment to High-risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer.” American Journal of Sociology 92: 64–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVeigh, Rory, and Christian Smith. 1999. “Who Protests in America: An Analysis of Three Political Alternatives – Inaction, Institutionalized Politics, or Protest.” Sociological Forum 14 (4): 685–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer, Tom W. G., Manfred te Grotenhuis, and Peer LH Scheepers. 2009. “Three Types of Voluntary Associations in Comparative Perspective: The Importance of Studying Associational Involvement through a Typology of Associations in 21 European Countries.” Journal of Civil Society 5 (3): 227–241.
   Google Scholar
• Mosca, Lorenzo. 2014. “Methodological Practices in Social Movement Online Research.” In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, edited by Donatella Della Porta, 397–417. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Jan-Werner. 2011. “The Hungarian Tragedy.” Dissent 58 (2): 5–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepstad, Sharon Erickson, and Christian Smith. 1999. “Rethinking Recruitment to High-risk/Cost Activism: The Case of Nicaragua Exchange.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 4 (1): 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa, ed. 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government: Global Support for Democratic Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa, Stefaan Walgrave, and Peter Van Aelst. 2005. “Who Demonstrates? Antistate Rebels, Conventional Participants, or Everyone?” Comparative Politics 37 (2): 189–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakeshott, Michael. 1991. “The Masses in Representative Democracy.” In Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays, 363–383. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Oberschall, Anthony. 1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Opp, Karl-Dieter. 2009. Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Passy, Florence, and Marco Giugni. 2001. “Social Networks and Individual Perceptions: Explaining Differential Participation in Social Movements.” Sociological Forum 16 (1): 123–153. Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Díaz, Víctor. 2014. “Civil Society: A Multi-layered Concept.” Current Sociology 62 (6): 812–830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper, Karl Raimund. 1999. “On Freedom.” In All Life is Problem Solving, edited by Karl Raimund Popper, 81–92. London: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Quintelier, Ellen. 2008. “Who is Politically Active: The Athlete, the Scout Member or the Environmental Activist? Young People, Voluntary Engagement and Political Participation.” Actasociologica 51 (4): 355–370.
   Google Scholar
• Rashiduzzaman, M. 1997. “Political Unrest and Democracy in Bangladesh.” Asian Survey 37: 254–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüdig, Wolfgang, and Georgios Karyotis. 2014. “Who Protests in Greece? Mass Opposition to Austerity.” British Journal of Political Science 44 (3): 487–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, Mike, Fiona Devine, Niall Cunningham, Mark Taylor, Yaojun Li, Johs Hjellbrekke, Brigitte Le Roux, Sam Friedman, and Andrew Miles. 2013. “A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment.” Sociology 47 (2): 219–250.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, Tobias, and Stefanie Bailer. 2012. “The Impact of Organisational Attributes on Political Participation: Results of a Multi-level Survey from Switzerland.” Swiss Political Science Review 18 (1): 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussman, Alan, and Sarah A. Soule. 2005. “Process and Protest: Accounting for Individual Protest Participation.” Social Forces 84 (2): 1083–1108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skapska, Grazyna. 2011. From “Civil Society ‘to’ Europe”: A Sociological Study on Constitutionalism after Communism. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Somma, Nicolas M. 2010. “How Do Voluntary Organizations Foster Protest? The Role of Organizational Involvement on Individual Protest Participation.” The Sociological Quarterly 51 (3): 384–407.
   Google Scholar
• Stockemer, Daniel. 2014. “What Drives Unconventional Political Participation? A two Level Study.” The Social Science Journal 51 (2): 201–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szikra, Dorottya. 2014. “Democracy and Welfare in Hard Times: The Social Policy of the Orbán Government in Hungary between 2010 and 2014.” Journal of European Social Policy 24 (5): 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Teorell, Jan. 2003. “Linking Social Capital to Political Participation: Voluntary Associations and Networks of Recruitment in Sweden.” Scandinavian Political Studies 26 (1): 49–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tóth, Gábor Attila, ed. 2012. Constitution for a Disunited Nation: On Hungary's 2011 Fundamental Law. Budapest: CEU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Useem, Bert. 1980. “Solidarity Model, Breakdown Model, and the Boston Anti-busing Movement.” American Sociological Review 45: 357–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkov, Nikolay. 2009. “Membership in Voluntary Organizations and Democratic Performance: European Post-Communist Countries in Comparative Perspective.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42: 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Stekelenburg, Jacquelien, Bert Klandermans, and Wilco W. Van Dijk. 2009. “Context Matters: Explaining how and why Mobilizing Context Influences Motivational Dynamics.” Journal of Social Issues 65 (4): 815–838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. “Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism.” American Politics. Vol. 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verba, Sidney, Nancy Burns, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1997. “Knowing and Caring about Politics: Gender and Political Engagement.” The Journal of Politics 59 (4): 1051–1072.
   Google Scholar
• Verhulst, Joris, and Stefaan Walgrave. 2009. “The First Time is the Hardest? A Cross-national and Cross-issue Comparison of First-time Protest Participants.” Political Behavior 31 (3): 455–484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vráblíková, Kateřina. 2013. “How Context Matters? Mobilization, Political Opportunity Structures, and Nonelectoral Political Participation in Old and New Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 47 (2): 203–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walder, Andrew G. 2009. “Political Sociology and Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 35: 393–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walgrave, Stefaan, and Bert Klandermans. 2010. “Open and Closed Mobilization Patterns: The Role of Channels and Ties.” In The World Says No to War, edited by Stefaan Walgrave and Dieter Rucht, 169–192. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walgrave, Stefaan, and Jan Manssens. 2000. “The Making of the White March: The Mass Media as a Mobilizing Alternative to Movement Organizations.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 5 (2): 217–239.
   Google Scholar
• Walgrave, Stefaan, and Ruud Wouters. 2014. “The Missing Link in the Diffusion of Protest: Asking Others.” American Journal of Sociology 119 (6): 1670–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, Caire, Florian Pichler, and Christian Haerpfer. 2012. “Changing Patterns of Civil Society in Europe and America 1995–2005 Is Eastern Europe Different?” East European Politics & Societies 26 (1): 3–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, Mark E. 2001. Democracy and Association. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar