The effects of majority requirements, selectorate composition and uncertainty in indirect presidential elections: the case of Estonia

References

• Billing, W. 1995. “Der Kampf um die Besetzung des höchsten Staatsamtes: Auswahl und Wahl des Bundespräsidenten 1994.” Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 26 (4): 595–620.
   Google Scholar
• Blais, A., L. Massicotte, and A. Dobrzynska. 1997. “Direct Presidential Elections: A World Summary.” Electoral Studies 16 (4): 441–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bormann, N., and M. Golder. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946–2011.” Electoral Studies 32 (2): 360–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, B. 1993. Die Bundesversammlung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Clementi, F. 2014. “The Election of the President of the Republic: The Legacy of the Napolitano Presidency.” Italian Politics 29 (1): 160–177.
   Google Scholar
• Colomer, J. M. 2004. “The Strategy and History of Electoral System Choice.” In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, edited by J. M. Colomer, 3–80. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Elster, J. 1997. “Afterword: The Making of Post-Communist Presidencies.” In Postcommunist Presidents, edited by R. Taras, 225–237. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• ERR (Eesti Rahvusringhääling). 2010. “Parliament Changes Procedure for Electing President.” Eesti Rahvusringhääling, October 28. http://news.err.ee/98214/parliament-changes-procedure-for-electing-president.
   Google Scholar
• ERR (Eesti Rahvusringhääling). 2016a. “President Calls for Constitutional Change to Ensure Electoral College Chooses Head of State.” Eesti Rahvusringhääling, September 12. http://news.err.ee/119046/president-calls-for-constitutional-change-to-ensure-electoral-college-chooses-head-of-state.
   Google Scholar
• ERR (Eesti Rahvusringhääling). 2016b. “ERR Poll: Kaljurand Has Slightest Lead over Kallas among Electors.” Eesti Rahvusringhääling, September 20. http://news.err.ee/119139/err-poll-kaljurand-has-slightest-lead-over-kallas-among-electors.
   Google Scholar
• ERR (Eesti Rahvusringhääling). 2017. “Ministry Wants to Place Electoral College at Heart of Presidential Election.” Eesti Rahvusringhääling, October 5. https://news.err.ee/634512/ministry-wants-to-place-electoral-college-at-heart-of-presidential-election.
   Google Scholar
• Felsenthal, D. S. 2012. “Review of Paradoxes Afflicting Procedures for Electing a Single Candidate.” In Electoral Systems. Paradoxes, Assumptions and Procedures, edited by D. S. Felsenthal, and M. Machover, 19–91. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gloe, M. 2009. “Der Kampf um das höchste Amt im Staat. Die Wahl des Bundespräsidenten im Mai 2009.” In Politikwissenschaft und Politische Bildung Nationale und internationale Perspektiven, edited by M. Gloe, and V. Reinhardt, 85–98. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Henkel, M. 2009. “Die Bundespräsidentenwahl im Parteienkonflikt.” In Parteiendemokratie in der Bewährung, edited by A. Liedhegener, and T. Oppelland, 91–104. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Hix, S. 2002. “Parliamentary Behavior with Two Principals: Preferences, Parties, and Voting in the European Parliament.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (3): 688–698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hloušek, V., ed. 2013. Presidents above Parties? Presidents in Central and Eastern Europe, their Formal Competencies and Informal Power. Brno: Masaryk University Press/International Institute of Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, M. 2002. “Estonia’s Knight Returns.” Demokratizatsiya 10 (4): 544–555.
   Google Scholar
• Ismayr, W., ed. 2010. Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas. 3rd Updated and Extended Edition. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Keh, J. F. 2015. “The Design and Evolution of the Instruments of Parliamentary Policy Statements in Western Europe.” PhD diss., University of Konstanz.
   Google Scholar
• Kilp, A. 2016. “Alar Kilp: valimiskogu koosseisu häälteenamuse nõude kaotamine oleks suur viga.” Postimees, September 26. https://arvamus.postimees.ee/3850903/alar-kilp-valimiskogu-koosseisu-haalteenamuse-noude-kaotamine-oleks-suur-viga.
   Google Scholar
• Köker, P. 2017. Presidential Activism and Veto Power in Central and Eastern Europe. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Köker, P. 2019. “Risk vs Reward Strategies in Indirect Presidential Elections: Political Parties and the Selection of Presidential Electors in Germany, 1949–2017.” German Politics. doi:10.1080/09644008.2019.1590549.
   Google Scholar
• Kopecký, P. 2008. “Česká prezidentská volba 2008 aneb osudové osmičky.” Slovenská politologická revue 8 (1): 84–89.
   Google Scholar
• Laakso, M., and R. Taagepera. 1979. “‘Effective’ Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerspetz, E. 1993. “Social Choice in the Real World.” Scandinavian Political Studies 16 (1): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Lagerspetz, E. 1997. “Social Choice in the Real World II: Cyclical Preferences and Strategic Voting in the Finnish Presidential Elections.” Scandinavian Political Studies 20 (1): 53–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerspetz, M., and K. Maier. 2010. “Das politische System Estlands.” In Die politischen Systeme Osteuropa. 3rd updated and extended edition, edited by W. Ismayr, 79–121. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, J. E. 2007. Comparative Politics: The Principal-Agent Perspective. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Linek, L., and T. Lacina. 2010. “Czech Republic.” European Journal of Political Research 49 (7-8): 939–946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainwaring, S., and M. S. Shugart. 1997. “Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal.” Comparative Politics 29 (4): 449–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf, K. L. 2000. “Measuring Presidential Power.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (5): 660–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mölder, M. 2017. “Estonia.” European Journal of Political Research 56 (1): 85–91.
   Google Scholar
• Nečas, T. 2013. “Vývoj volby prezidenta v České republice.” MA diss., Masaryk University Prague.
   Google Scholar
• Nikolenyi, C. 2014. Institutional Design and Party Government in Post-Communist Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oppelland, T. 2001. “Parteilich? Parteipolitische Konstellationen bei der Wahl des Bundespräsidenten und ihr Einfluss auf die Amtsführung.” Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 11 (2): 551–572.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, M. N. 1979. “The Dynamics of European Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility.” European Journal of Political Research 7 (1): 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Liñán, A. 2006. “Evaluating Presidential Runoff Elections.” Electoral Studies 25 (1): 129–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettai, V. 2007. “Estonia.” European Journal of Political Research 46 (7-8): 943–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettai, V. 2008. “Estonia.” European Journal of Political Research 47 (7-8): 962–968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettai, V., R. Toomla, and E. Joakit. 2008. “Citizen Electoral Alliances in Estonia: Citizen Democracy versus Cartel Parties.” In Farewell to the Party Model?, edited by M. Reiser, and E. Holtmann, 86–104. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Raun, T. U. 1997. “Democratization and Political Development in Estonia, 1987–96.” In The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe, edited by K. Dawisha, and B. Parrot, 334–374. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raun, T. U. 2001. “Estonia in the 1990s.” Journal of Baltic Studies 32 (1): 19–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels, D. J., and M. S. Shugart. 2010. Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schleiter, P., and E. Morgan-Jones. 2009. “Constitutional Power and Competing Risks: Monarchs, Presidents, Prime Ministers, and the Termination of East and West European Cabinets.” American Political Science Review 103 (3): 496–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieberer, U. 2013. “Elections in Western European Parliaments.” European Journal of Political Research 52 (4): 512–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikk, A. 2006. “Presidendivalimise süsteemid Euroopas.” Riigikogu Toimised 14: 147–151.
   Google Scholar
• Sikk, A. 2012. “Estonia.” European Journal of Political Research 51 (1): 90–95.
   Google Scholar
• Sikk, A. 2018. “Baltic Governments.” www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tjmsasi/.
   Google Scholar
• Strohmeier, G. 2012. “More Legitimation = More Competence? Heads of State in Parliamentary Systems in Comparative Perspective.” Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 6 (2): 177–196.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm, K., W. C. Müller, and T. Bergman, eds. 2003. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taagepera, R. 1994. “Estonia’s Constitutional Assembly, 1991–1992.” Journal of Baltic Studies 25 (3): 211–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavits, M. 2008. Presidents with Prime Ministers. Do Direct Elections Matter? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• VPVS (Vabariigi Presidendi valimise seadus). 1996. (Amended 2007, 2011 and 2013). www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/25096.
   Google Scholar
• VVK (Vabariigi Valimiskomisjon). n.d. www.valimised.ee.
   Google Scholar