373
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Striking out women: preferential voting and gender bias in Latvian Saeima elections

Pages 635-658 | Received 31 Mar 2020, Accepted 11 Nov 2020, Published online: 18 Dec 2020

References

  • Allik, M. 2015. “Who Stands in the Way of Women? Open vs. Closed Lists and Candidate Gender in Estonia.” East European Politics 31 (4): 429–451.
  • Branta, A. 2012. “Winning Women’s Vote: Experience from Latvia.” In The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe: Voting to Become Citizens, edited by B. Rodriguez Ruiz and R. Rubio Marín, 95–109. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Caul, M. 1999. “Women’s Representation in Parliament.” Party Politics 5 (1): 79–98.
  • Center for Gender Studies. 2004. “The Role of Mass Media in (Re) Distribution of Power.” University of Latvia. Accessed 30 July 2020. http://www.globalmediapolicy.net/sites/default/files/mediacompreport_EN.pdf.
  • Central Election Commission (CEC). 2014. Centrālā vēlēšanu komisija [Central Election Commission]. Accessed 4 January 2020. https://www.cvk.lv/lv/velesanas/saeimas-velesanas/12-saeimas-velesanas/velesanu-rezultati.
  • Central Election Commission (CEC). 2018. Centrālā vēlēšanu komisija [Central Election Commission]. Accessed 4 January 2020. https://sv2018.cvk.lv/pub/CandidateLists.
  • Central Statistics Bureau Latvia [Centrālā statistikas pārvalde]. 2019. “Share of Women among Elected Members of Saeima.” Accessed 4 January 2020. https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/characteristics/search-in-theme/343-share-women-among-elected-members-saeima. Accessed 12/8/2019.
  • Dahlerup, D. 2006. Women, Quotas and Politics. 1st ed. New York: Routledge.
  • Devroe, R., and B. Wauters. 2020. “Does High on the Ballot Means Highly Competent? Explaining the Ballot Position Effect in List-PR Systems.” ACTA POLITICA 55 (3): 454–471.
  • Dolan, K. 2010. “The Impact of Gender Stereotyped Evaluations on Support for Women Candidates.” Political Behavior 32 (1): 69–88.
  • Eglitis, D. S. 2002. Imagining the Nation: History, Modernity and Revolution in Latvia. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Eglitis, D. S. 2017. “Paradoxes of Power: Gender, Work, and Family in the New Europe.” In Latvia – a Work in Progress? 100 Years of State- and Nation-Building, edited by David J. Smith, 259–276. Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag.
  • Einhorn, Barbara. 1993. Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender and Women's Movements in East Central Europe. New York: Verso.
  • Holli, A. M., and H. Wass. 2010. “Gender-based Voting in the Parliamentary Elections of 2007 in Finland.” European Journal of Political Research 49: 598–630. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01910.x.
  • Ikstens, J. 2014. “Impact of Changes in Electoral System on Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Latvia.” In Integration and Diversity in the Baltic Sea Region, edited by H. Koht and P. Veiden, 33–56. HiOA report 2014 no. 14. Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences.
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2018. “Women in National Parliaments.” Accessed 15 June 2020. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm.
  • Kjaer, U., and M. L. Krook. 2019. “The Blame Game: Analyzing Gender Bias in Danish Local Elections.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 7 (2): 444–455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2018.1564057.
  • Krook, M.L. 2010. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lutz, G. 2010. “First Come, First Served: The Effect of Ballot Position on Electoral Success in Open Ballot PR Elections.” Representation 46 (2): 167–181.
  • Marcinkiewicz, K., and M. Stegmaier. 2015. “Ballot Position Effects Under Compulsory and Optional Preferential-List PR Electoral Systems.” Political Behavior 37: 465–486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-014-9294-0.
  • Matland, R. E. 1993. “Institutional Variables Affecting Female Representation in National Legislatures: The Case of Norway.” The Journal of Politics 55 (3): 737–755.
  • Matland, R. E., and E. Lilliefeldt. 2014. “The Effects of Preferential Voting on Women’s Representation.” In Representation: The Case of Women, edited by M. C. Escobar-Lemmon and M. M. Taylor-Robinson, 79–102. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Millard, F. 2011. “Electoral-System Change in Latvia and the Elections of 2010.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44 (4): 309–318.
  • Norris, P. 1997. Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Norris, P., and R. Inglehart. 2001. “Women and Democracy: Cultural Obstacles to Equal Representation.” Journal of Democracy 12 (3): 126–140.
  • Norris, P., and M. L. Krook. 2011. “Gender Equality in Elected Office: A Six Step Action Plan.” Draft report, Org. Security and Co-operation in Europe, Vienna.
  • Norris, P., and J. Lovenduski. 1995. Political Recruitment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Novikova, I. 2006. “Gender Equality in Latvia: Achievements and Challenges.” In Women and Citizenship in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by J. Lukić, J. Regulska, and D. Zaviršek, 101–120. New York: Routledge.
  • Ostrovska, I. 1994. “Women and Politics in Latvia: The Transition to Democracy.” Women's Studies International Forum 17 (2/3): 301–303.
  • Ostrovska, I. 1998. “The Institutionalization of Democratization – a concealed Interest Group.” Gender Equality – a precondition of Democracy 1(18) University of Latvia Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Portmann, L., and N. Stojanović. 2019. “Electoral Discrimination Against Immigrant-Origin Candidates.” Political Behavior 41: 105–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9440-6.
  • Putniņa, A., and L. Zīverte. 2004. “Sievietes un vīrieši pārvaldībā: politikā un medijos” [Women and men in governance: politics and the media] Providus. Accessed 15 December 2019. http://providus.lv/article/sievietes-un-viriesi-parvaldiba-politika-un-medijos.
  • Ragauskas, R. 2019. “Party-Determined Viability and Gender Bias in Open-List Proportional Representation Systems.” Politics & Gender, 1–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X19000448.
  • Rastrigina, O. 2015. “The Policy on Gender Equality in Latvia.” Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Accessed 15 December 2019. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_IDA(2015)510008.
  • Sabiedriskās politikas institūta. 2004. “Sievietes un vīrieši pārvaldībā” [Women and Men in Governance]. Accessed 15 December 2019. http://providus.lv/article_files/927/original/sievvirparvald.pdf?1326373651.
  • Saeima. 2019. “Saeima Deputati.” Accessed 15 December 2019 https://titania.saeima.lv/Personal/Deputati/Saeima13_DepWeb_Public.nsf/farchivelist?readform&type=7&lang=LV&count=1000.
  • Saeima Stenograma. 1998. “7.Saeimas sēžu stenogrammas.” Accessed 23 March 2020. https://www.saeima.lv/steno/st_98/st1202.html.
  • Sanbonmatsu, K. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (1): 20–34.
  • Spierings, N., and K. Jacobs. 2014. “Getting Personal? The Impact of Social Media on Preferential Voting.” Political Behavior 36 (1): 215–234.
  • Stegmaier, M., J. Tosun, and K. Vlachová. 2014. “Women’s Parliamentary Representation in the Czech Republic: Does Preference Voting Matter?” East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 28 (1): 187–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325413494771.
  • Tavits, M. 2010. “Effect of Local Ties on Electoral Success and Parliamentary Behaviour the Case of Estonia.” Party Politics 16 (2): 215–235.
  • Van Erkel, P. F. A., and P. Thijssen. 2016. “The First one Wins: Distilling the Primacy Effect.” Electoral Studies 44: 245–254.
  • Vēlētāju attieksmju pētījums. 2014. “Tirgus un sabiedriskās domas pētījumu centrs. ” Accessed 15 December 2019. https://www.cvk.lv/pub/upload_file/Petijumi/atskaite_CVK_102014.pdf.
  • Vojvodic, A. 2020. “Lingering Legacies and Emerging Progress: Explaining Gender Quota Adoption in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).” PhD diss., Rutgers University.
  • Vorslava, M. 2009. “Sieviešu pašrealizācijas iespējas politikā Latvijā 9. Saeimas laikā” [Women’s Self-Realization in Latvian Politics of the 9th Saeima] Latvijas Universitāte. Sociālo zinātņu fakultāte. Accessed 15 July 2019. http://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/24734.
  • White, N. 1997. “Women in Changing Societies: Latvia and Lithuania.” In Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia, edited by M. Buckley, 203–218. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zake, I. 2002. “Gendered Political Subjectivity in Post-Soviet Latvia.” Women’s Studies International Forum 25 (6): 631–640.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.