Do populist governments reduce corruption?

References

• Agerberg, Mattias. 2017. “Failed Expectations: Quality of Government and Support for Populist Parties in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, Paul. 2009. Fixed Effects Regression Models. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, Reuben M., and David A. Kenny. 1986. “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (6): 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bågenholm, Andreas. 2013. “The Electoral Fate and Policy Impact of ‘Anti-Corruption Parties’ in Central and Eastern Europe.” Human Affairs 23: 174–195. doi:10.2478/s13374-013-0118-4.
   Google Scholar
• Bågenholm, Andreas, and Nicholas Charron. 2014. “Do Politics in Europe Benefit from Politicizing Corruption?” West European Politics 37 (5): 903–931. doi:10.1080/01402382.2014.909164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, Robert R. 2009. “Populists, Outsiders and Anti-Establishment Politics.” Party Politics 15 (1): 29–48. doi:10.1177/1354068808097890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. “What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 89: 634–647. doi:10.2307/2082979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boros, Tamas, Maria Freitas, Gabor Gyori, and Gergely Laki. 2020. State of Populism in Europe 2020. Brussels/Budapest: Foundation for European Progressive Studies. Accessed November 14, 2020. progressivepost.eu/publications/state-of-populism-in-europe-2020.
   Google Scholar
• BTI (Bertelsmann Transformation Index). Country reports, various years. Assessed July 20, 2017. www.bti-project.org/en/home/.
   Google Scholar
• Canovan, Margaret. 1999. “Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy.” Political Studies 47: 2–16. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianetti, Licia, and Seán Hanley. 2021. “The End of the Backsliding Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 32 (1): 66–80. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dávid-Barrett, Elizabeth, and Mihály Fazekas. 2019. “Grand Corruption and Government Change: An Analysis of Partisan Favoritism in Public Procurement.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. doi:10.1007/s10610-019-09416-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deegan-Krause, Kevin, and Tim Haughton. 2009. “Toward a More Useful Conceptualization of Populism: Types and Degrees of Populist Appeals in the Case of Slovakia.” Politics & Policy 37 (4): 821–841. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00200.x.
   Google Scholar
• Dimitrova, Antoaneta L. 2019. “The Uncertain Road to Sustainable Democracy: Elite Coalitions, Citizen Protests, and the Prospects of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe.” In Rethinking ‘Democratic Backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Licia Cianetti, James Dawson, and Seán Hanley, 15–33. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Donchev, Dilyan, and Gergely Ujhelyi. 2014. “What Do Corruption Indices Measure?” Economics and Politics 26 (2): 309–331. doi:10.1111/ecpo.12037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunai, Marton. 2018. “Exclusive: Hungary Premier’s Friends and Family Win More and More Public Business.” Reuters World News, March 15. Accessed November 1, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-orban-balaton-procurement-exc/exclusive-hungary-premiers-friends-and-family-win-more-and-more-public-business-idUSKCN1GR213.
   Google Scholar
• Earle, Beverley. 2000. “Bribery and Corruption in Eastern Europe, the Baltic States, and the Commonwealth of Independent States: What Is to Be Done?” Cornell International Law Journal 33 (1): 483–513.
   Google Scholar
• Engler, Sarah. 2016. “Corruption and Electoral Support for New Political Parties in Central and Eastern Europe.” West European Politics 39 (2): 278–304. doi:10.1080/01402382.2015.1084127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engler, Sarah. 2020. “Centrist Anti-Establishment Parties and Their Protest Voters: More Than a Superficial Romance?” European Political Science Review 12: 307–325. doi:10.1017/S1755773920000132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn, Heinrich. 2017. “Corruption and Inequality: How Populists Mislead People.” January 25. Accessed August 5, 2017. http://www.dw.com/en/rise-in-populism-risks-worsening-corruption-warns-transparency-watchdog/a-37261950.
   Google Scholar
• Grødeland, Åse Berit. 2007. “‘Red Mobs’, ‘Yuppies,’ ‘Lamb Heads,’ and Others: Contacts, Informal Networks and Politics in the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania.” Europe-Asia Studies 59 (2): 217–252. doi:10.1080/09668130601125551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2019. “How Populists Rule: The Consequences for Democratic Governance.” Polity 51 (4): 707–717. doi:10.1086/705570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guasti, Petra. 2020. “Populism in Power and Democracy: Democratic Decay and Resilience in the Czech Republic (2013–2020).” Politics and Governance 8 (4): 473–484. doi:10.17645/pag.v8i4.3420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, Seán, and Allan Sikk. 2014. “Economy, Corruption or Floating Voters? Explaining the Breakthroughs of Anti-Establishment Reform Parties in Eastern Europe.” Party Politics 22 (4): 522–533. doi:10.1177/1354068814550438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbing, John R., and Samuel C. Patterson. 1994. “Public Trust in the New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe.” Political Studies 42 (4): 570–592. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1994.tb00299.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, Raymond, and Dustin Tingley. 2011. “Causal Mediation Analysis.” The Stata Journal 11 (4): 605–619. doi:10.1177/1536867X1201100407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, Leslie. 2006. Rotten States: Corruption, Post-Communism, and Neoliberalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Innes, Abby. 2014. “The Political Economy of State Capture in Central Europe.” Journal of Common Market Studies 52 (1): 88–104. doi:10.1111/jcms.12079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsen, Lars, and Karin Hilmer Pedersen. 2011. “For the Common Good: Combating Corruption in New Member States.” Journal of Comparative Politics 4 (1): 91–110.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, Michael. 2005. Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Karklins, Rasma. 2005. The System Made Me Do It: Corruption in Post-Communist Societies. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
   Google Scholar
• Kostadinova, Tatiana. 2012. Political Corruption in Eastern Europe: Politics After Communism. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Kostadinova, Tatiana, and Zoltan Kmetty. 2019. “Corruption and Political Participation in Hungary: Testing Models of Civic Engagement.” East European Politics and Societies 33 (3): 555–578. doi:10.1177/0888325418800556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krastev, Ivan. 2006. “The New Europe: Respectable Populism, Clockwork Liberalism.” Open Democracy Online, March 21. Accessed May 16, 2011. http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-europe-constitution/new_europe_3376.jsp.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio, Taras. 2010. “Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context.” Problems of Post-Communism 57 (6): 3–18. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216570601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle, Jordan, and Limor Gultchin. 2018. “Populists in Power Around the World.” Institute for Global Change Paper. https://institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/populists-power-around-world.
   Google Scholar
• Kyle, Jordan, and Yascha Mounk. 2018. “The Populist Harm to Democracy: An Empirical Assessment.” Institute for Global Change Paper. https://institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/populist-harm-democracy.
   Google Scholar
• Lambsdorff, Johann Graf. 2007. The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• LaPalombara, Joseph. 1994. “Structural and Institutional Aspects of Corruption.” Social Research 61 (2): 325–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, Evan S. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 99 (3): 435–452. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mares, Isabela, and Lauren E. Young. 2018. “The Core Voter’s Curse: Clientelistic Threats and Promises in Hungarian Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (11): 1441–1471. doi:10.1177/0010414018758754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus-Czubinska, Clare, William L. Miller, Radoslaw Markowski, and Jacek Wasilewski. 2004. “Why Is Corruption in Poland ‘A Serious Cause for Concern’?” Crime, Law & Social Change 41: 107–132. doi:10.1023/B:CRIS.0000016222.40146.4e.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellen, Ruby. 2017. “Anti-Corruption Populists Tend to Be More Corrupt, Report Says.” Foreign Policy, January 25. Accessed August 10, 2017. http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/25/anti-corruption-populists-tend-to-be-more-corrupt-report-says/.
   Google Scholar
• Mesežnikov, Grigorij, and Olga Gyárfášová. 2018. “Slovakia’s Conflicting Camps.” Journal of Democracy 29 (3): 78–90. doi: 10.1353/jod.2018.0046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monitoring the EU Accession Process: Corruption and Anti-Corruption Policy. 2002. New York: Open Society Institute. Accessed August 3, 2017. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/monitoring-eu-accession-process-corruption-and-anti-corruption-policy.
   Google Scholar
• Mouzelis, Nicos. 1985. “On the Concept of Populism: Populist and Clientelist Modes of Incorporation in Semiperipheral Politics.” Politics & Society 14 (3): 329–348. doi:10.1177/003232928501400303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39: 541–563. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. 2006. “Democratization Without Decommunization in the Balkans.” East European Democratization 50 (4): 641–655. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2006.07.005.
   Google Scholar
• Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, and Michael Johnston. 2017. Transition to Good Governance: Creating Virtuous Circles of Anti-Corruption. Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Offe, Claus. 2004. “Political Corruption: Conceptual and Practical Issues.” In Building a Trustworthy State in Post-Socialist Transition, edited by Janos Kornai and Susan Rose-Ackerman, 77–99. Houndmills: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Open Society Institute. 2002. “Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Hungary.” Accessed August 14, 2017. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/untc/unpan013152.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ost, David. 2005. The Defeat of Solidarity: Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlovska-Hilaiel, Sabina. 2015. “The EU’s Losing Battle Against Corruption in Bulgaria.” Hague Journal of the Rule of Law 7: 199–217. doi:10.1007/s40803-015-0015-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petkov, Mihail. 2019. Oligarchic Party-Group Relations in Bulgaria: The Extended Parentela Policy Network Model. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Philp, Mark. 1997. “Defining Political Corruption.” In Political Corruption, edited by Paul Heywood, 20–46. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Pop-Eleches, Grigore. 2010. “Throwing Out the Bums: Protest Voting and Anti-Establishment Parties after Communism.” World Politics 62 (2): 221–260. doi:10.1017/S0043887110000043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, Kristopher J., and Geoffrey J. Leonardelli. n.d. Calculation for the Sobel Test: An Interactive Calculation Tool for Mediation Tests. Accessed August 24, 2020. http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Andrew. 2010. The Quality of Democracy in Eastern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M., S. Van Kessel, C. Froio, A. Pirro, S. De Lange, D. Halikiopoulou, P. Lewis, C. Mudde, and P. Taggart. 2019. The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe. Accessed October 25, 2021. www.popu-list.org.
   Google Scholar
• Rose-Ackerman, Susan, and Bonnie J. Palifka. 2016. Corruption and Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sajo, Andras. 1998. “Corruption, Clientelism, and the Future of the Constitutional State in Eastern Europe.” European Constitutional Review 7: 37–46.
   Google Scholar
• Schenkkan, Nate. 2017. “The False Promise of Populism.” Accessed July 8, 2017. https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-in-transit-2017.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, James C. 1969. “Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change.” American Political Science Review 63 (4): 1142–1158. doi:10.2307/1955076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley, Louise. 2005. “Civil Society Mobilized Against Corruption: Russia and Ukraine.” In Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform, edited by Michael Johnston, 3–21. Boulder, CO: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• Sikk, Allan. 2009. Parties and Populism. Working Paper 2009-02 of the Centre for European Politics, Security & Integration. School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London.
   Google Scholar
• Skolkay, Andrej. 2000. “Populism in Central Eastern Europe.” In Thinking Fundamentals, Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences, Vol. 9. Vienna: Institut fur die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (Institute for Human Sciences). Accessed May 16, 2011. http://www.iwm.at/publ-jvc/jc-09-11.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Smilov, Daniel, and Ivan Krastev. 2008. “The Rise of Populism in Eastern Europe: Policy Paper.” In Populist Politics and Liberal Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfášová, and Daniel Smilov, 7–13. Bratislava: Institute for Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, Ben. 2008. “The Thin Ideology of Populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies 13: 195–110. doi:10.1080/13569310701822289.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, Ben. 2017. “Populism in Central and Eastern Europe.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, edited by Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy, 140–160. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stefes, Christoph H. 2007. “Measuring, Conceptualizing, and Fighting Systemic Corruption: Evidence from Post-Soviet Countries.” Perspectives on Global Issues 2 (1): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Treisman, Daniel. 2000. “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study.” Journal of Public Economics 76 (3): 399–457. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00092-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Učeň, Peter. 2007. “Parties, Populism, and Anti-Establishment Politics in East Central Europe.” SAIS Review XXVII (1): 49–62. doi:10.1353/sais.2007.0021.
   Google Scholar
• Uslaner, Eric M. 2008. Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vachudova, Milada Anna. 2009. “Corruption and Compliance in the EU’s Post-Communist Members and Candidates.” Journal of Common Market Studies 47: 43–62. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.02013.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kessel, Stijn. 2013. “A Matter of Supply and Demand: The Electoral Performance of Populist Parties in Three European Countries.” Government & Opposition 48 (2): 175–199. doi:10.1017/gov.2012.14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kessel, Stijn. 2015. Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent? Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, Mark E. 2004. “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?” American Journal of Political Science 48 (2): 328–343. doi: 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00073.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyland, Kurt. 1999. “Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe.” Comparative Politics 31 (4): 379–401. doi:10.2307/422236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyland, Kurt. 2006. “Reform and Corruption in Latin America.” Current History 105: 84–89. doi:10.1525/curh.2006.105.688.84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, Sven E., and Daniel M. Butler. 2007. “A Lot More to Do: The Sensitivity of Time-Series Cross-Section Analyses to Simple Alternative Specifications.” Political Analysis 15: 101–123. doi:10.1093/pan/mpl012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, Sebastian. 2010. “Assessing Eastern Europe’s Anti-Corruption Performance: Views from the Council of Europe, OECD, and Transparency International.” Global Crime 11 (2): 99–121. doi:10.1080/17440571003669134.
   Google Scholar
• Zulianello, Mattia. 2019. “Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe.” Government & Opposition, doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar