Who is to blame? Centralisation and titular ethnic groups’ electoral behaviour in the Russian republics

References

• Auyero, Javier. 2001. Poor People’s Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bader, Max, and Carolien van Ham. 2015. “What Explains Regional Variation in Election Fraud? Evidence from Russia: A Research Note.” Post-Soviet Affairs 31 (6): 514–528. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2014.969023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashirov, Bulat. 2020. “Bashkort priznali ekstremistskim soglasno tradiciyam.” Kommersant, May 22. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4355087.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in a Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bueno De Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Constitution of the Russian Federation. 2020. “Adopted by Popular Vote on December 12, 1993, with Amendments Approved During the National Vote on July 1, 2020.” Accessed July 12, 2022. https://constitutionrf.ru/constitutionrf.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Beatrize Magaloni, and Barry R. Weingast. 2003. “Tragic Brilliance: Equilibrium Party Hegemony in Mexico.” SSRN. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1153510. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1153510.
   Google Scholar
• Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. 2019. “Municipal Statistics.” https://rosstat.gov.ru/munstat.
   Google Scholar
• Frye, Timothy, Ora John Reuter, and David Szakonyi. 2014. “Political Machines at Work: Voter Mobilization and Electoral Subversion in the Workplace.” World Politics 66 (2): 195–228. doi:10.1017/S004388711400001X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, Timothy, Ora John Reuter, and David Szakonyi. 2019. “Vote Brokers, Clientelist Appeals, and Voter Turnout: Evidence from Russia and Venezuela.” World Politics 71 (4): 710–746. doi:10.1017/S0043887119000078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi, Jennifer, and Ellen Lust-Okar. 2009. “Elections Under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garifullina, Guzel, Kirill Kazantcev, and Andrei Yakovlev. 2020. “United We Stand: The Effects of Subnational Elite Structure on Succession in two Russian Regions.” Post-Soviet Affairs 36 (5–6): 475–494. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2020.1785244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman, Vladimir. 2010. “The Dynamics of Subnational Authoritarianism (Russia in Comparative Perspective).” Russian Politics and Law 48 (2): 7–26. doi:10.2753/RUP1061-1940480201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, Grigorii. 2013. “Machine Politics: The Concept and Its Implications for Post-Soviet Studies.” Demokratizatsiya: Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 21 (4): 459–480. https://demokratizatsiya.pub/archives/21_4_142R38863L666177.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Golosov, Grigorii. 2016. “Voter Volatility in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes: Testing the ‘Tragic Brilliance’ Thesis.” Comparative Sociology 15 (3): 535–559. doi:10.1163/15691330-12341399.
   Google Scholar
• Goodnow, Regina, Robert G. Moser, and Tony Smith. 2012. “The Effects of Ethnic on the Electoral Success in Russia.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (2): 167–194. doi:10.1177/0010414011421310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnow, Regina, Robert G. Moser, and Tony Smith. 2014. “Ethnicity and Electoral Manipulation in Russia.” Electoral Studies 36: 15–27. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry. 1999. “Machine Politics and Institutionalized Electorates: A Comparative Analysis of Six Duma Elections in Bashkortostan.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politic 15 (4): 70–110. doi:10.1080/13523279908415421.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry. 2003. “Explaining Machine Politics in Russia’s Regions: Economy, Ethnicity, and Legacy.” Post-Soviet Affairs 19 (3): 228–263. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.19.3.228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry. 2008. The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry. 2015. Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, Herbert, and Steven Wilkinson. 2007. “A Research Agenda for the Study of Citizen–Politician Linkages and Democratic Accountability.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies, edited by Herbert Kitschelt and Steven Wilkinson, 322–343. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuran, Timur. 1995. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism. Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2006. “Elections Under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan.” Democratization 13 (3): 456–471. doi:10.1080/13510340600579359.
   Google Scholar
• Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy. Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuzato, Kimitaka. 2001. “From Ethno-Bonapartism to Centralized Caciquismo: Characteristics and Origins of the Tatarstan Political Regime, 1900–2000.” The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 17 (4): 43–77. doi:10.1080/714003590.
   Google Scholar
• Minaeva, Eleonora, and Petr Panov. 2020. “Localization of Ethnic Groups in the Regions as a Factor in Cross-Regional Variations in Voting for United Russia.” Russian Politics 5 (2): 131–153. doi:10.30965/24518921-00502001.
   Google Scholar
• Myagkov, Mikhail, Peter Ordeshook, and Dimitri Shakin. 2010. The Forensics of Election Fraud. Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nichter, Simeon. 2008. “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot.” American Political Science Review 102 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, Mancur. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Panov, Petr, and Cameron Ross. 2016. “Explanatory Factors for Electoral Turnout in the Russian Federation: The Regional Dimension.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 24 (3): 351–370.
   Google Scholar
• Panov, Petr, and Cameron Ross. 2019. “Volatility in Electoral Support for United Russia: Cross-Regional Variations in Putin’s Electoral Authoritarian Regime.” Europe-Asia Studies 71 (2): 268–289. doi:10.1080/09668136.2018.1563050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisinger, M. William, and Bryon Moraski. 2017. The Regional Roots of Russia’s Political Regime. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reuter, John. 2012. “Subnational Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Russian Gubernatorial Appointments.” Journal of Politics 74 (2): 1023–1037. doi:10.1017/S0022381612000631.
   Google Scholar
• Schedler, Anderas, ed. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, C. James. 1969. “Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change.” American Political Science Review 63 (4): 1142–1158. doi:10.2307/1955076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz. 2013. “Getting the ‘Dough’ and Saving the Machine: Lessons from Tatarstan.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 21 (4): 507–529.
   Google Scholar
• Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz. 2015. “Elite Management in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes: A View from Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.” Central Asia Affairs 2 (2): 117–139. doi:10.1163/22142290-00202001.
   Google Scholar
• Shkel, Stanislav. 2019. “Bastions of Tradition: Ethnic Factor and Machine Politics in the Russian Regions.” Russian Politics 4 (1): 76–111. doi:10.1163/2451-8921-00401004.
   Google Scholar
• Shkel, Stanislav. 2021. “Why Political Machines Fail: Evidence from Bashkortostan.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 29 (1): 31–62.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, C. Susan. 2005. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina.” American Political Science Review 99 (3): 315–325. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, C. Allison. 2021. “A Chink in the Autocrat’s Armour: Demographic Change and Voter Turnout in Putin’s Russia.” Ethnopolitic. doi:10.1080/17449057.2021.1901187. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.108017449057.2021.1901187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, C. Allison, and Inga A.-L. Saikkonen. 2017. “More Than a Name? Variation in Electoral Mobilisation of Titular and Non-Titular Ethnic Minorities in Russian National Elections.” Ethnopolitics 16 (5): 450–470. doi:10.1080/17449057.2016.1221186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar