Playing on distance: a relational rhetorical analysis of Viktor Orbán's Euroscepticism

References

• Atkins, J. 2022. “Rhetoric and Audience Reception: An Analysis of Theresa May’s Vision of Britain and Britishness after Brexit.” Politics 42 (2): 216–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395721991411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins, J., and A. Finlayson. 2013. “‘ … A 40-year-old Black Man Made the Point to Me’: Everyday Knowledge and the Performance of Leadership in Contemporary British Politics.” Political Studies 61 (1): 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00953.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balázs, Z. 2018. “Mi a FIDESZ?” In Várakozások és valóságok: Parlamenti választás 2018, edited by Balázs Böcskei and Andrea Szabó, 127–145. Budapest: MTA TK PTI.
   Google Scholar
• Barigazzi, J., and J. Cienski. 2015. “Orbán and Juncker to Face off on Migration.” Politico, September 2. https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-crash-juncker-party-asylum-council-september-migration/.
   Google Scholar
• Barna, I., and J. Koltai. 2019. “Attitude Changes towards Immigrants in the Turbulent Years of the ‘Migrant Crisis’ and Anti-Immigrant Campaign in Hungary.” Intersections: East European Journal of Society and Politics 5 (1): 48–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batory, A. 2002. “Attitudes to Europe: Ideology, Strategy and the Issue of European Union Membership in Hungarian Party Politics.” Party Politics 8 (5): 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068802008005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batory, A. 2008. “Euroscepticism in the Hungarian Party System: Voices from the Wilderness.” In The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism Volume 1: Case Studies and Country Surveys, edited by Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart, 237–276. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batory, A. 2016. “Populists in Government? Hungary's ‘System of National Cooperation’.” Democratization 23 (2): 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1076214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bánkuti, M., G. Halmai, and K. L. Scheppele. 2012. “Hungary’s Illiberal Turn: Disabling the Constitution.” Journal of Democracy 23 (3): 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2012.0054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitzer, L. F. 1968. “The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 1 (1): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Bíró-Nagy, A. 2022. “Orbán’s Political Jackpot: Migration and the Hungarian Electorate.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (2): 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bíró-Nagy, A., and T. Boros. 2016. “Jobbik Going Mainstream. Strategy Shift of the Far-Right in Hungary.” In The Extreme Right in Europe, edited by Jerome Jamin, 242–262. Brussels: Bruylant.
   Google Scholar
• Bíró-Nagy, A., and G. Laki. 2019. “15 Év után: Az Európai Unió és a magyar társadalom.” Friedrich Ebert Foundation and Policy Solutions. https://www.policysolutions.hu/hu/hirek/486/15evutan_kiadvany.
   Google Scholar
• Bocskor, Á. 2018. “Anti-Immigration Discourses in Hungary during the ‘Crisis’ Year: The Orbán Government’s ‘National Consultation’ Campaign of 2015.” Sociology 52 (3): 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518762081
   Google Scholar
• Bozóki, A., and D. Hegedűs. 2018. “An Externally Constrained Hybrid Regime: Hungary in the European Union.” Democratization 25 (7): 1173–1189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1455664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brack, N., and N. Startin. 2015. “Introduction: Euroscepticism, from the Margins to the Mainstream.” International Political Science Review 36 (3): 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115577231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csehi, R. 2019. “Neither Episodic, nor Destined to Failure? The Endurance of Hungarian Populism after 2010.” Democratization 26 (6): 1011–1027. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1590814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csehi, R., and E. Zgut. 2021. “‘We Won’t Let Brussels Dictate Us’: Eurosceptic Populism in Hungary and Poland.” European Politics and Society 22 (1): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1717064
   Google Scholar
• De Vries, C. E. 2018. Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dimitrova, A. L. 2018. “The Uncertain Road to Sustainable Democracy: Elite Coalitions, Citizen Protests and the Prospects of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe.” East European Politics 34 (3): 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1491840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dúró, J. 2017. Ellenzők, kritikusok, kétkedők. Budapest: Századvég Kiadó.
   Google Scholar
• Eder, F., and M. De La Baume. 2015. “Merkel Slams Eastern Europeans on Migration.” Politico, October 7. https://www.politico.eu/article/merkel-eu-needs-to-consider-treaty-change/.
   Google Scholar
• Egedy, G. 2013. “Conservatism and Nation Models in Hungary.” Hungarian Review 3: 66–75.
   Google Scholar
• Enyedi, Z. 2016. “Paternalist Populism and Illiberal Elitism in Central Europe.” Journal of Political Ideologies 21 (1): 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2016.1105402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2015. “Speech by President Jean-Claude Juncker ‘State of the Union 2015.’ Strasbourg, September 9. https://commission.europa.eu/publications/state-union-2015-european-commission-president-jean-claude-juncker_en.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2016. “Standard Eurobarometer 86 – Autumn 2016.” National Reports: Hungary. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2137.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2015. “European Parliament Resolution on the Situation in Hungary. 2015/2700(RSP).” Strasbourg, June 10. https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/ficheprocedure.do?lang=en&reference=2015/2700(RSP).
   Google Scholar
• Fidesz. 1996. A polgári Magyarországért. Budapest: Fidesz Központi Hivatal.
   Google Scholar
• Fidesz. 2002. Európa a jövőnk, Magyarország a hazánk. Vitairat az európai újraegyesítésről. Budapest: Fidesz Központi Hivatal.
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson, A. 2007. “From Beliefs to Arguments: Interpretive Methodology and Rhetorical Political Analysis.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 9 (4): 545–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00269.x
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson, A. 2012. “Rhetoric and the Political Theory of Ideologies.” Political Studies 60 (4): 751–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00948.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, B. 2004. “Concentrated Orange: Fidesz and the Remaking of the Hungarian Centre-Right, 1994–2002.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20 (3): 80–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/1352327042000260814
   Google Scholar
• Greenhill, K. M. 2016. “Open Arms Behind Barred Doors: Fear, Hypocrisy and Policy Schizophrenia in the European Migration Crisis.” European Law Journal 22 (3): 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greskovits, B. 2015. “The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East Central Europe.” Global Policy 6 (S1): 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12225
   Google Scholar
• Hegedüs, D. 2019. “Rethinking the Incumbency Effect: Radicalization of Governing Populist Parties in East-Central-Europe. A Case Study of Hungary.” European Politics and Society 20 (4): 406–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2019.1569338
   Google Scholar
• Hobolt, S. B., and C. E. De Vries. 2016. “Public Support for European Integration.” Annual Review of Political Science 19 (1): 413–432. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042214-044157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokovský, R. 2016. “How migrants brought Central Europe together”, Politico, February 7. https://www.politico.eu/article/how-migrants-brought-central-europe-together-visegrad-group-orban-poland/.
   Google Scholar
• HVG. 2015. “Ipsos: Egymillió szavazót vesztett a Fidesz három hónap alatt”, hvg.hu, January 13. https://hvg.hu/itthon/20150113_Ipsos_Egymillio_szavazot_vesztett_a_Fidesz.
   Google Scholar
• Jenne, E. K., K. A. Hawkins, and B. C. Silva. 2021. “Mapping Populism and Nationalism in Leader Rhetoric across North America and Europe.” Studies in Comparative International Development 56 (2): 170–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-021-09334-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhász, A., and Cs Molnár. 2016. “Magyarország sajátos helyzete az európai menekültválságban.” In Társadalmi Riport 2016, edited by Tamás Kolosi and István György Tóth, 263–285. Budapest: Tárki.
   Google Scholar
• Kelemen, R. D. 2017. “Europe’s Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union.” Government and Opposition 52 (2): 211–238. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinneavy, J. L. 1986. “Kairos: A Neglected Concept in Classical Rhetoric.” In Rhetoric and Praxis: The Contribution of Classical Rhetoric to Practical Reasoning, edited by Jean Dietz Moss, 79–105. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kolosi, T., and Sz Hudácskó. 2020. “Az Európai Unióval és az euróval kapcsolatos vélemények nemzetközi összehasonlításban.” In Társadalmi Riport 2016, edited by Tamás Kolosi and István György Tóth, 453–461. Budapest: Tárki.
   Google Scholar
• Kopecký, P., and C. Mudde. 2002. “The Two Sides of Euroscepticism: Party Positions on European Integration in East Central Europe.” European Union Politics 3 (3): 297–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116502003003002
   Google Scholar
• Körösényi, A., G. Illés, and A. Gyulai. 2020. The Orbán Regime: Plebiscitary Leader Democracy in the Making. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leconte, C. 2010. Understanding Euroscepticism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Leruth, B., N. Startin, and S. Usherwood. 2017. “Defining Euroscepticism: From a Broad Concept to a Field of Study.” In The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism, edited by Benjamin Leruth, Nick Startin, and Simon Usherwood, 3–10. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. 2013. Politics and Rhetoric: A Critical Introduction. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McMahon, R., and W. Kaiser. 2022. “Narrative Ju-Jitsu: Counter-Narratives to European Union.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 30 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1949268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers, M. J., and H. Van der Veer. 2019. “MEP Responses to Democratic Backsliding in Hungary and Poland. An Analysis of Agenda-Setting and Voting Behaviour.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 57 (4): 838–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel, A. 2015. “Statement by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel to the European Parliament.” The Federal Government, October 7. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/chancellor/statement-by-federal-chancellor-angela-merkel-to-the-european-parliament-806312.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, M. 1996. “Rhetoric and the Theory of Argument.” Revue Internationale de Philosophie 50 (2): 325–357.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, M. 2017. What is Rhetoric? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mos, M. 2020. “Ambiguity and Interpretive Politics in the Crisis of European Values: Evidence from Hungary.” East European Politics 36 (2): 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2020.1724965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mos, M. 2022. “Routing or Rerouting Europe? The Civilizational Mission of Anti-Gender Politics in Eastern Europe.” Problems of Post-Communism 70 (2): 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2022.2050927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navracsics, T. 1997. “A Missing Debate?: Hungary and the European Union.” SEI Working Paper 1997/21. Sussex: Sussex European Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Palonen, E. 2018. “Performing the Nation: The Janus-Faced Populist Foundations of Illiberalism in Hungary.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 26 (3): 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2018.1498776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2016a. “Hungarians Share Europe’s Embrace of Democratic Principles but Are Less Tolerant of Refugees, Minorities.” Pew Research Center, September 30. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/30/hungarians-share-europes-embrace-of-democratic-principles-but-are-less-tolerant-of-refugees-minorities/.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2016b. “European Opinions of the Refugee Crisis in 5 Charts.” Pew Research Center, September 16. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/16/european-opinions-of-the-refugee-crisis-in-5-charts/.
   Google Scholar
• Pfau, M. W. 2007. “Who's Afraid of Fear Appeals? Contingency, Courage, and Deliberation in Rhetorical Theory and Practice.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 40 (2): 216–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirro, A. L., P. Taggart, and S. van Kessel. 2018. “The Populist Politics of Euroscepticism in Times of Crisis: Comparative Conclusions.” Politics 38 (3): 378–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395718784704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price-Thomas, G., and N. Turnbull. 2018. “Thickening Rhetorical Political Analysis with a Theory of Distance: Negotiating the Greek Episode of the Eurozone Crisis.” Political Studies 66 (1): 209–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prime Minister’s Office. 2015. “Nemzeti konzultáció a bevándorlásról és a terrorizmusról.” Website of the Hungarian Government, April 24. https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/prime-minister-s-office/news/national-consultation-on-immigration-to-begin.
   Google Scholar
• Sadecki, A. 2022. “From Defying to (Re-)Defining Europe in Viktor Orbán’s Discourse about the Past.” Journal of European Studies 52 (3-4): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441221115565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlipphak, B., and O. Treib. 2017. “Playing the Blame Game on Brussels: The Domestic Political Effects of EU Interventions against Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of European Public Policy 24 (3): 352–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1229359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. 2021. “Beyond the Border Fence. The Emergence of Hungary’s Contemporary Bordering Regime.” In In-Security, Symbolism, Vulnerabilities, edited by Andréanne Bissonnette and Élisabeth Vallet, 117–133. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sík, E., B. Simonovits, and B. Szeitl. 2016. “Az idegenellenesség alakulása és a bevándorlással kapcsolatos félelmek Magyarországon és a visegrádi országokban.” REGIO 24 (2): 81–108. https://doi.org/10.17355/rkkpt.v24i2.114
   Google Scholar
• Styczyńska, N. 2017. “Eurosceptic Parties in the Central and Eastern European Countries: A Comparative Case Study of Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria.” In The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism, edited by Benjamin Leruth, Nick Startin, and Simon Usherwood, 139–154. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Szalai, A., and G. Gőbl. 2015. “Securitizing Migration in Contemporary Hungary.” CEU Center for EU Enlargement Studies Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Szczerbiak, A. 2021. “How Is the European Integration Debate Changing in Post-Communist States?” European Political Science 20 (2): 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-020-00267-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczerbiak, A., and P. Taggart. 2008. Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism, Volume 2: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szczerbiak, A., and P. Taggart. 2017. “Contemporary Research on Euroscepticism: The State of the Art.” In The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism, edited by Benjamin Leruth, Nick Startin, and Simon Usherwood, 11–21. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Szilágyi, A., and A. Bozóki. 2015. “Playing It Again in Post-Communism: The Revolutionary Rhetoric of Viktor Orbán in Hungary.” Advances in the History of Rhetoric 18 (Supplement 1): S153–S166. https://doi.org/10.1080/15362426.2015.1010872
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. 1998. “A Touchstone of Dissent: Euroscepticism in Contemporary Western European Party Systems.” European Journal of Political Research 33 (3): 363–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. 2020. “Europeanization, Euroscepticism, and Politicization in Party Politics.” In The Member States of the European Union, edited by Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, 331–353. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P., and A. Szczerbiak. 2008. “Introduction: Opposing Europe? The Politics of Euroscepticism in Europe.” In The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism Volume 1: Case Studies and Country Surveys, edited by Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart, 1–15. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P., and A. Szczerbiak. 2013. “Coming in from the Cold? Euroscepticism, Government Participation and Party Positions on Europe.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 51 (1): 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02298.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taggart, P., and A. Szczerbiak. 2018. “Putting Brexit into Perspective: The Effect of the Eurozone and Migration Crises and Brexit on Euroscepticism in European States.” Journal of European Public Policy 25 (8): 1194–1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1467955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treib, O. 2021. “Euroscepticism Is Here to Stay: What Cleavage Theory Can Teach Us About the 2019 European Parliament Elections.” Journal of European Public Policy 28 (2): 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1737881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull, N. 2014. Michel Meyer's Problematology: Questioning and Society. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Usherwood, S., and N. Startin. 2013. “Euroscepticism as a Persistent Phenomenon.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 51 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02297.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valuch, T. 2015. A jelenkori magyar társadalom. Budapest: Osiris Kiadó.
   Google Scholar
• Vasilopoulou, S. 2017. “Theory, Concepts and Research Design in the Study of Euroscepticism.” In The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism, edited by Benjamin Leruth, Nick Startin, and Simon Usherwood, 22–35. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Visnovitz, P., and E. K. Jenne. 2021. “Populist Argumentation in Foreign Policy: The Case of Hungary under Viktor Orbán, 2010–2020.” Comparative European Politics 19 (6): 683–702. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-021-00256-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wéber, A. 2010. Metamorfózisok: A magyar jobboldal két évtizede. Budapest: Napvilág Kiadó.
   Google Scholar
• Závecz Research. 2016. “Aktívabbak lettek a választópolgárok.” Závecz Research, October 16. http://www.zaveczresearch.hu/nepszavazas-aktivabbak-lettek-valasztopolgarok/.
   Google Scholar