Valuation of nature-based tourism using contingent valuation survey: evidence from South Africa

References

• Alpízar, F. 2006. “The Pricing of Protected Areas in Nature-Based Tourism: A Local Perspective.” Ecological Economics 56 (2): 294–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andam, K. S., P. J. Ferraro, K. R. Sims, A. Healy, and M. B. Holland. 2010. “Protected Areas Reduced Poverty in Costa Rica and Thailand.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (22): 9996–10001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrow, K., R. Solow, P. R. Portney, E. E. Leamer, R. Radner, and H. Schuman. 1993. “Report of the NOAA Panel on Contingent Valuation.” Federal Register 58 (10): 4601–4614.
   Google Scholar
• Ayer, M., H. D. Brunk, G. M. Ewing, W. T. Reid, and E. Silverman. 1955. “An Empirical Distribution Function for Sampling with Incomplete Information.” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 26 (4): 641–647.
   Google Scholar
• Baral, N., M. J. Stern, and R. Bhattarai. 2008. “Contingent Valuation of Ecotourism in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Park Finance and Local Development.” Ecological Economics 66 (2): 218–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borie, M., R. Mathevet, A. Letourneau, I. Ring, J. D. Thompson, and P. Marty. 2014. “Exploring the Contribution of Fiscal Transfers to Protected Area Policy.” Ecology and Society 19 (1): 9. http://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05716-190109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner, A., B. Kessey, J. Mnaya, J. Wakibara, and J. Maldonado. 2015. Tourists’ Willingness to pay to Visit Tanzania’s National Parks: A Contingent Valuation Study. Washington, DC: Conservation Strategy Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, R. T., L. Wilks, and D. Imber. 1994. “Valuing the Preservation of Australia's Kakadu Conservation Zone.” Oxford Economic Papers 46: 727–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, L. C., D. R. Lee, W. D. Schulze, and D. J. Anderson. 1998. “Ecotourism Demand and Differential Pricing of National Park Access in Costa Rica.” Land Economics 74 (4): 466–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chidakel, A., C. Eb, and B. Child. 2020. “The Comparative Financial and Economic Performance of Protected Areas in the Greater Kruger National Park, South Africa: Functional Diversity and Resilience in the Socio-Economics of a Landscape-Scale Reserve Network.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 28 (8): 1100–1119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child, K. 2017. “Big Budget Cuts at Game Parks will Badly Hinder Antipoaching Efforts.” Business Day. Accessed 30 October 2017. https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/science-and-environment/2017-04-18-big-budget-cuts-at-game-parks-will-badly-hinder-antipoaching-efforts/.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, P. A., and J. A. Hausman. 1994. “Contingent Valuation: Is Some Number Better Than No Number?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (4): 45–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikgang, J., and E. Muchapondwa. 2012. “The Valuation of Biodiversity Conservation by the South African Khomani San “Bushmen” Community.” Ecological Economics 84: 7–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikgang, J., and E. Muchapondwa. 2017. “The Determination of Park Fees in Support of Benefit Sharing in Southern Africa.” Tourism Economics 23 (6): 1165–1183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikgang, J., E. Muchapondwa, and J. Stage. 2017. “Securing Benefits for Local Communities from International Visitors to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.” Tourism Economics 23 (8): 1553–1567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, R., F. A. St John, B. Büscher, and D. Brockington. 2016. “Toward a new Understanding of the Links Between Poverty and Illegal Wildlife Hunting.” Conservation Biology 30 (1): 14–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman III, A. M., Herriges, J. A., & Kling, C. L. (2014). The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods. 3rd ed. Abingdon, Oxon: RFF Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garrod, G. D., and K. G. Willis. 1997. “The Non-Use Benefits of Enhancing Forest Biodiversity: A Contingent Ranking Study.” Ecological Economics 21 (1): 45–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haab, T. C., and K. E. McConnell. 2002. Valuing Environmental and Natural Resources: The Econometrics of Non-Market Valuation. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hadker, N., S. Sharma, A. David, and T. Muraleedharan. 1997. “Willingness-to-Pay for Borivli National Park: Evidence from a Contingent Valuation.” Ecological Economics 21 (2): 105–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanemann, W. M. 1994. “Valuing the Environment Through Contingent Valuation.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (4): 19–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herriges, J., C. Kling, C.-C. Liu, and J. Tobias. 2010. “What are the Consequences of Consequentiality?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 59 (1): 67–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwari, T. 2017. “Govt Stops ZimParks Funding.” Herald. Accessed 30 October 2017. https://www.herald.co.zw/govt-stops-zimparks-funding/.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, R. J., K. J. Boyle, W. Adamowicz, J. Bennett, R. Brouwer, T. A. Cameron, W. M. Hanemann, et al. 2017. “Contemporary Guidance for Stated Preference Studies.” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 4 (2): 319–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kideghesho, J. R. 2016. “The Elephant Poaching Crisis in Tanzania: A Need to Reverse the Trend and the Way Forward.” Tropical Conservation Science 9 (1): 369–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhlin, G. 2001. “Contingent Valuation in Project Planning and Evaluation: The Case of Social Forestry in Orissa, India.” Environment and Development Economics 6 (2): 237–258.
   Google Scholar
• Kriström, B. 1990. “A non-Parametric Approach to the Estimation of Welfare Measures in Discrete Response Valuation Studies.” Land Economics 66 (2): 135–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krüger, O. 2005. “The Role of Ecotourism in Conservation: Panacea or Pandora’s Box?” Biodiversity & Conservation 14 (3): 579–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laarman, J. G., and H. M. Gregersen. 1996. “Pricing Policy in Nature-Based Tourism.” Tourism Management 17 (4): 247–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. K., and J. W. Mjelde. 2007. “Valuation of Ecotourism Resources Using a Contingent Valuation Method: The Case of the Korean DMZ.” Ecological Economics 63 (2–3): 511–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey, P. A., R. R. Alexander, J. T. Du Toit, and M. Mills. 2005. “The Potential Contribution of Ecotourism to African Wild dog Lycaon pictus Conservation in South Africa.” Biological Conservation 123 (3): 339–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey, P. A., V. R. Nyirenda, J. I. Barnes, M. S. Becker, R. McRobb, C. J. Tambling, W. A. Taylor, F. G. Watson, and M. t’Sas-Rolfes. 2014. “Underperformance of African Protected Area Networks and the Case for New Conservation Models: Insights from Zambia.” PLoS ONE 9 (5): e94109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliken, T., J. Shaw, and R. H. Emslie. 2012. The South Africa-Vietnam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus: A Deadly Combination of Institutional Lapses, Corrupt Wildlife Industry Professionals and Asian Crime Syndicates. Johannesburg: TRAFFIC.
   Google Scholar
• Milne, S., and E. Niesten. 2009. “Direct Payments for Biodiversity Conservation in Developing Countries: Practical Insights for Design and Implementation.” Oryx 43 (4): 530–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, D. 1994. “Contingent Valuation and Biodiversity: Measuring the User Surplus of Kenyan Protected Areas.” Biodiversity & Conservation 3 (8): 663–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muchapondwa, E., F. Carlsson, and G. Köhlin. 2008. “Wildlife Management in Zimbabwe: Evidence from a Contingent Valuation Study.” South African Journal of Economics 76 (4): 685–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukanjari, S., E. Muchapondwa, and E. Demeke. 2021. “Recreation Demand and Pricing Policy for International Tourists in Developing Countries: Evidence from South Africa.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 10 (3): 243–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulwa, R., J. Kabubo-Mariara, and W. Nyangena. 2018. “Recreational Value and Optimal Pricing of National Parks: Lessons from Maasai Mara in Kenya.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 7 (2): 204–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naughton-Treves, L., M. B. Holland, and K. Brandon. 2005. “The Role of Protected Areas in Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Local Livelihoods.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30: 219–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navrud, S., and E. Mungatana. 1994. “Environmental Valuation in Developing Countries: The Recreational Value of Wildlife Viewing.” Ecological Economics 11 (2): 135–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navrud, S., and G. K. Vondolia. 2005. “Using Contingent Valuation to Price Ecotourism Sites in Developing Countries.” Tourism 53 (2): 115–125.
   Google Scholar
• Nkala, O. 2017. “Botswana Budget Cuts Imperil Anti-Poaching.” Conservation Action Trust. Accessed 30 October 2017. https://conservationaction.co.za/media-articles/botswana-budget-cuts-imperil-anti-poaching/.
   Google Scholar
• Ntuli, H., S. C. Jagers, A. Linell, M. Sjöstedt, and E. Muchapondwa. 2019. “Factors Influencing Local Communities’ Perceptions Towards Conservation of Transboundary Wildlife Resources: The Case of the Great Limpopo Trans-Frontier Conservation Area.” Biodiversity and Conservation 28 (11): 2977–3003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntuli, H., A. Sundström, M. Sjöstedt, E. Muchapondwa, S. C. Jagers, and A. Linell. 2021. “Understanding the Drivers of Subsistence Poaching in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area: What Matters for Community Wildlife Conservation?” Ecology and Society 26 (1): 18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12201-260118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit, R., M. Dhakal, and M. Polyakov. 2015. “Valuing Access to Protected Areas in Nepal: The Case of Chitwan National Park.” Tourism Management 50: 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, G. R. 2003. “The Travel Cost Model.” In A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation, edited by Patricia A. Champ, Kevin J. Boyle, and Thomas C. Brown, 269–329. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Pearse, P. H. 1968. “A New Approach to the Evaluation of Non-Priced Recreational Resources.” Land Economics 44 (1): 87–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saayman, M., and A. Saayman. 2006. “Estimating the Economic Contribution of Visitor Spending in the Kruger National Park to the Regional Economy.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14 (1): 67–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sable, K. A., and R. W. Kling. 2001. “The Double Public Good: A Conceptual Framework for “Shared Experience” Values Associated with Heritage Conservation.” Journal of Cultural Economics 25 (2): 77–89.
   Google Scholar
• Shultz, S., J. Pinazzo, and M. Cifuentes. 1998. “Opportunities and Limitations of Contingent Valuation Surveys to Determine National Park Entrance Fees: Evidence from Costa Rica.” Environment and Development Economics 3 (1): 131–149.
   Google Scholar
• Simões, P., E. Barata, and L. Cruz. 2013. “Using Count Data and Ordered Models in National Forest Recreation Demand Analysis.” Environmental Management 52 (5): 1249–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South African National Parks (SANParks). 2012. “South African National Parks Strategic Plan for 2012/13–2016/17.” Accessed 13 August 2020. https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/about/5_year_strategic_plan_2012-2013_to_2016-2017.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Parks (SANParks). 2015. “Kruger National Park.” Accessed 14 January 2015. http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/default.php.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Parks (SANParks). 2018a. 2017/2018 Annual Report.” Accessed 9 September 2018. https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Parks (SANParks). 2018b. “Kruger National Park Management Plan 2018–2028.” Accessed 13 August 2020. https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/knp/draft-plan.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Parks (SANParks). 2019a. “5-Year Strategic Plan 2019/20 - 2023/24 & Annual Performance Plan 2019/20.” Accessed 13 August 2020. https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/about/annual_performance_plan_2019-2020.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Parks (SANParks). 2019b. “2018/2019 Annual Report.” Accessed 7 November 2020. https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Parks (SANParks). 2020. “Conservation Fees - 1 November 2020 to 30 October 2021.” Accessed 12 December 2020. https://www.sanparks.org/docs/tourism_tariffs/daily_conservation_fees_2020_21.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Spenceley, A., and H. Goodwin. 2007. “Nature-based Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: Impacts of Private Sector and Parastatal Enterprises in and Around Kruger National Park, South Africa.” Current Issues in Tourism 10 (2–3): 255–277.
   Google Scholar
• Swemmer, L., R. Grant, W. Annecke, and S. Freitag-Ronaldson. 2015. “Toward More Effective Benefit Sharing in South African National Parks.” Society & Natural Resources 28 (1): 4–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapela, B. N., and P. H. Omara-Ojungu. 1999. “Towards Bridging the gap Between Wildlife Conservation and Rural Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Case of the Makuleke Community and the Kruger National Park.” South African Geographical Journal 81 (3): 148–155.
   Google Scholar
• Trimble, M. J., and R. J. Van Aarde. 2014. “Supporting Conservation with Biodiversity Research in Sub-Saharan Africa’s Human-Modified Landscapes.” Biodiversity and Conservation 23 (9): 2345–2369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull, B. W. 1976. “The Empirical Distribution Function with Arbitrarily Grouped, Censored and Truncated Data.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 38 (3): 290–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2015. “Kruger to Canyon Biosphere Reserve, South Africa.” Accessed 14 January 2016. https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/africa/kruger-to-canyon.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Merwe, P., M. Saayman, and R. Rossouw. 2015. “The Economic Impact of Hunting in the Limpopo Province.” Journal of Economic Financial Sciences 8 (1): 223–242.
   Google Scholar
• Vanslembrouck, I., G. Van Huylenbroeck, and W. Verbeke. 2002. “Determinants of the Willingness of Belgian Farmers to Participate in Agri-Environmental Measures.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 53 (3): 489–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vossler, C. A., and S. B. Watson. 2013. “Understanding the Consequences of Consequentiality: Testing the Validity of Stated Preferences in the Field.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 86: 137–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walpole, M. J., H. J. Goodwin, and K. G. Ward. 2001. “Pricing Policy for Tourism in Protected Areas: Lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia.” Conservation Biology 15 (1): 218–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar