229
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

“Take Heede When Ye Wash”: Recognizing the Labor of Enslaved Laundresses on Southern Plantations

References

  • A Housewife, pseudonym. 1842. “Recipe for Washing.” Southern Planter 2 (4): 74–75.
  • Adams, Samuel, and Sarah Adams. 1825. The Complete Servant; Being a Practical Guide to the Peculiar Duties and Business of all Descriptions of Servants from the Housekeeper to the Servant of All-Work, and from the Land Steward to the Foot-Boy. London: Knight and Lacey.
  • An Experienced Lady, pseudonym. 1841. The American Housewife. 3rd ed. New York: Dayton and Saxton.
  • Armstrong, Mr. John. 1825. The Young Woman’s Guide to Virtue, Economy, and Happiness. 4th ed. Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK: Mackenzie and Dent.
  • Barton, Keith C. 1997. “‘Good Cooks and Washers’: Slave Hiring, Domestic Labor, and the Market in Bourbon County, Kentucky.” Journal of American History 84 (2): 436–460.
  • Battle-Baptiste, Whitney. 2011. Black Feminist Archaeology. London: Routledge.
  • Beecher, Catherine Esther. 1842. A Treatise on Domestic Economy. Rev. ed. Boston: T. H. Webb.
  • Bowman, Anne. 1857. The Common Things of Every-Day Life, a Home Book of Wisdom for Mothers and Daughters. New York: George Routledge.
  • Brown, Kathleen M. 2009. Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Burwell, Leticia M. 1895. A Girl's Life in Virginia Before the War. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.
  • Craft, William, and Ellen Craft. 1860. Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom. London: William Tweedie.
  • DAACS (Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery). 2021. Servants Hall/Wash House. Mount Vernon Plantation, www.daacs.org.
  • Delaney, Lucy. 1891. From the Darkness Cometh the Light; or, Struggles for Freedom. St. Louis, MO: J. T. Smith.
  • Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. 1988. Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Franklin, Maria. 2001. “A Black Feminist-Inspired Archaeology?” Journal of Social Archaeology 1 (1): 108–125.
  • Galle, Jillian E., and Amy L. Young, eds. 2004. Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
  • Garfield, Simon. 2000. Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour That Changed the World. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.
  • Glasse, Hannah. 1760. The Servants Directory, Improved, Or, House-Keepers Companion. London: J. Potts.
  • Hewlett (Copley), Esther. 1830. Cottage Comforts. 7th ed. London: Simpkin and Marshall.
  • Hine, Darlene. 1979. “Female Slave Resistance: The Economics of Sex.” Western Journal of Black Studies 3 (2): 123–127.
  • Hine, Darlene. 1989. “Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West.” Signs 14 (4): 912–920.
  • Hooper, Robert, and Samuel Akerly. 1829. Lexicon Medicum; or Medical Dictionary. New York: J. and J. Harper.
  • Isenbarger, Nicole, and Martha Zierden. 2016. Archaeological Investigation of the Laundry, Aiken-Rhett House, Charleston, SC. Report prepared for Historic Charleston Foundation.
  • Jackson, Mattie. 1866. The Story of Mattie J. Jackson: Her Parentage – Experience of Eighteen Years in Slavery – Incidents During the War – Her Escape from Slavery: A True Story. Lawrence, MA: Sentinel Office.
  • Jacobs, Harriet A. 1861. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Written by Herself. Boston: Thayer & Eldridge.
  • Jones, Jaqueline. 2009. Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present. New York: Basic Books.
  • Katz-Hyman, Martha B., and Kym Rice. 2010. “Laundries.” In World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States, edited by Martha Katz-Hyman and Kym Rice, 303–306. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Kelso, William M., M. Drake Patten, and Michael Strutt. 1991. Poplar Forest Archaeology Research Report for NEH Grant 1990–1991. Manuscript on file with Poplar Forest Department of Archaeology and Landscapes.
  • Lerner, Gerda. 1992. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Luckenbach, Al, John E. Kille, and Shawn Sharpe. 2013. “The Architectural Remains of Samuel Chew’s ‘Large and Elegant Mansion’.” Maryland Archaeology 49 (1): 11–20.
  • Malcolmson, Patricia E. 1986. English Laundresses: A Social History, 1850–1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Martineau, Harriet. 1837. Society in America. Vol 2. New York: Saunders and Otley.
  • McElya, Micki. 2007. Clinging to Mammy: The Faithful Slave in Twentieth-Century America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • McIlvoy, Karen E. 2021. “Take Heede When Ye Wash”: Laundry at Poplar Forest. Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest. https://www.poplarforest.org/take-heede-ye-wash-laundry-poplar-forest/.
  • Mink, Eric J. 2010. J. Horace Lacey’s Chathan Quarters? Part 1. Blog, npsfrsp.wordpress.com.
  • Morgan, Philip D. 1998. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Olmert, Michael. 2009. “Laundries: Largest Buildings in the Eighteenth-century Backyard.” Colonial Williamsburg Journal. Autumn. www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn09/laundries.cfm.
  • Parkes, Mrs. William. 1829. Domestic Duties: Or, Instructions to Young Married Ladies. 3rd ed. New York: J. and J. Harper.
  • Patrick, Bethanne, and John Thompson. 2009. An Uncommon History of Common Things. Washington, DC: National Geographic.
  • Perkins, John. 1796. Every Woman Her Own House-Keeper; or, The Ladies’ Library. 4th ed. London: James Ridgway.
  • PLMA (Private Label Manufacturers Association). 2012. Beyond the Regular Grocery Shopping, which Member of Your Household, Yourself or Someone Else, would You Describe is Primarily Responsible for Various Household Chores. Statista ID 306794.
  • Prince, Mary. 1831. The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave Narrative. 3rd ed. London: Westley and Davis.
  • Rawcliffe, Carole. 2009. “A Marginal Occupation? The Medieval Laundress and her Work.” Gender and History 21 (1): 147–169.
  • Rawick, George. 1972. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
  • Rawick, George. 1979. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
  • Sanford, Douglas W. 1997. “African-American Archaeology at Stratford Hall Plantation, Virginia.” African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter 19: Article 7. http://www.diaspora.illinois.edu/A-AAnewsletter/newsletter19.html#stratford.
  • Schaeffer, Jacob Christian. 1766. Die bequeme und Höchstvortheilhafte Waschmaschine. Regensburg: Heinrich Gottfried Zun­­tel.
  • Smith, E. 1739. The Compleat Housewife: Or, Accomplish’d Gentlewoman’s Companion. 9th ed. London: J. and J. Pemberton.
  • Stantec. 2014. What Lies Beneath: The History of Waterford Estates. Stanley Martin Homes. Public Booklet.
  • Stevenson, Brenda E. 1996. Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stottman, M. Jay, and Matthew E. Prybylski. 2004. Archaeological Research of the Riverside Wash House. Kentucky Archaeological Survey. Research Report No.7.
  • Tusser, Thomas. 1557. A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie. London: Richard Tottel.
  • Urban, Sylvanus. 1752. The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Chronicle. London: Edward Cave.
  • van Herk, Aretha. 2002. “Invisibled Laundry.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 27 (3): 893–900.
  • Webster, Thomas. 1844. An Encylopaedia of Domestic Economy. London: Green, Longman, and Roberts.
  • Weiner, Marli F. 1998. Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South Carolina, 1830–80. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Wells, Jonathan Daniel. 2011. Women Writers and Journalists in the Nineteenth-Century South. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • White, Deborah Gray. 1985. Ar’nt I A Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Wilkie, Laurie. 2003. The Archaeology of Mothering: An African-American Midwife’s Tale. New York: Routledge.
  • Windhorst, Robert. 2007. The Complexities of Wash Day in the 18th Century – “A Thousand Little Occurrences … Never Forseen.” Bridgeville, PA: Neville House Associates.
  • WQHC (Water Quality and Health Council). 2010. A Sanitary History of Household Bleach. https://waterandhealth.org/disinfect/a-sanitary-history-of-household-bleach/.
  • Wright, Julia McNair. 1879. The Complete Home. Philadelphia: J. C. McCurdy.
  • Primary sources: Newspaper advertisements
  • Advertisement for Female House Servant. Lynchburg Virginian, October 8, 1822.
  • Callaway, Abner. Notice of Sale of Property. Lynchburg Virginian, May 5, 1831.
  • Phelps, Charles. Advertisement for Slaves at Auction. Lynchburg Virginian, November 21, 1836.
  • Primary sources: Letters, copies in Poplar Forest Archive.
  • Coolidge, Ellen. Ellen Randolph Coolidge to Henry S. Randall, n.d. 1856.
  • Hannah. Hannah to Thomas Jefferson, Forest, VA, November 15, 1818.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. Thomas Jefferson to Jeremiah Goodman, Charlottesville, VA, December 1811.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. Thomas Jefferson to Jeremiah Goodman, Charlottesville, VA, March 5, 1813.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, Charlottesville, VA, August 15, 1821.
  • Randolph, Ellen. Ellen Randolph to Martha Randolph, Forest, VA, August 18, 1817.
  • Randolph, Ellen. Ellen Randolph to Martha Randolph, Forest, VA, April 14, 1818.
  • Steptoe, William. William Steptoe to Thomas Jefferson, Bedford, VA, June 1, 1814.
  • Steptoe, William. William Steptoe to Thomas Jefferson, Bedford, VA, September 22, 1815.
  • Trist, Elizabeth. Elizabeth Trist to Nicholas Trist, Liberty, VA, November 28, 1822.
  • Yancey, Joel. Joel Yancey to Thomas Jefferson, Forest, VA, January 9, 1819.
  • Yancey, Joel. Joel Yancey to Thomas Jefferson, Forest, VA, December 12, 1819.
  • Primary sources: Thomas Jefferson’s “Farm Book,” originals at Massachusetts Historical Society
  • Jefferson, Thomas. 1774. A Roll of the Proper Slaves of Thomas Jefferson. Farm Book, 5.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. 1774. A Roll of the Slaves of John Wayles Which were Allotted to T.J. in Right of His Wife on a Division of the Estate. Farm Book, 7.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. 1794. Roll of the Negroes Nov. 1794 and Where to be Settled for the Year 1795. Farm Book, 30.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. 1798. Roll of the Negroes in the Winter of 1798.9. Farm Book, 57.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. n.d. Labourers. Farm Book, 77.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. 1810. Roll of Negroes in Bedford Apr 1810. Farm Book, 129.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. n.d. Roll of the Negroes in Bedford, according to their ages. Farm Book, 131.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. 1819. Distribution of Blankets at Poplar Forest 1819–1821. Farm Book, 168.
  • Primary sources: Historical documents, copies in Poplar Forest Archive
  • Jefferson, Jane. 1773. Deed of Sale of Enslaved Persons to Thomas Jefferson, September 29, 1773. Copy on file in Poplar Forest Archive.
  • Lewis, Nicholas. 1790. Memorandum Inventory of Jefferson’s Estates. Copy on file in Poplar Forest Archive.
  • Primary sources: Historical documents, publicly available
  • Rust, Stephen. 1833. Wash-Board. US Patent X7419, issued February 9, 1833.
  • Lomax, John A. June 9, 1937. Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project, Administrative Files. Manuscript/Mixed Material. www.loc.gov/item/mesn001/.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.