Valorisation of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk as precursors for the production of adsorbents for water treatment

References

• Tural S, Tural B, Ece MŞ, et al. Kinetic approach for the purification of nucleotides with magnetic separation. J Sep Sci. 2014;37(22):3370–3376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tural B, Ertaş E, Tural S. Removal of phenolic pollutants from aqueous solutions by a simple magnetic separation. Desalin Water Treat. 2016;57(54):26153–26164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eletta OAA, Adeniyi AG, Magaji MM, et al. A mini-review on the application of alumina nano-particles for water treatment. FUOYE science conference; 2019; Oye-ekiti, Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• Dai Y, Sun Q, Wang W, et al. Utilizations of agricultural waste as adsorbent for the removal of contaminants: a review. Chemosphere. 2018;211:235–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan MS, Nikman KA, Ahmad F. Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using cocoa (Theobroma cacao) nib-based activated carbon treated with hydrochloric acid. Malaysian J Fundamental Appl Sci. 2018;14(2):193–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eletta OAA, Ayandele FO, Adeniyi AG, et al. Valorisation of sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) stalk for the removal of Pb(II) And Fe(II) from aqueous solutions. Proceedings of the 49th NSChE Annual Conference; 2019; Kaduna, Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• Sud D, Mahajan G, Kaur M. Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions–A review. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99(14):6017–6027. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyzas GZ, Kostoglou M. Green adsorbents for wastewaters: a critical review. Materials. 2014;7(1):333–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO. Biosorption of pollutants by plant leaves: an empirical review. J Environ Chem Eng. 2019;7(3). doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2019.103100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastopoulos I, Robalds A, Tran HN, et al. Removal of heavy metals by leaves-derived biosorbents. Environ Chem Lett. 2018. doi: 10.1007/s10311-018-00829-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An HK, Park BY, Kim DS. Crab shell for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Water Resour. 2001;35(15):3551–3556.
   Google Scholar
• Anastopoulos I, Bhatnagar A, Bikiaris DN, et al. Chitin adsorbents for toxic metals: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(1):114. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isah U, Yusuf I. Adsorption of lead ions on groundnut shell activated carbon. Der Chem Sinica. 2012;3:1511–1515.
   Google Scholar
• Babarinde A, Onyiaocha GO. Equilibrium sorption of divalent metal ions onto groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell: kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics. Chem Int. 2016;2(3):37–46.
   Google Scholar
• Mutavdžić Pavlović D, Ćurković L, Macan J, et al. Eggshell as a new biosorbent for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water. 2017;45(12). doi: 10.1002/clen.201700082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamukyaye S, Wanasolo W. Performance of egg-shell and fish-scale as adsorbent materials for chromium (VI) removal from effluents of tannery industries in Eastern Uganda. Open Access Library J. 2017. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1103732
   Google Scholar
• Hevira L, Munaf E, Zein R. The use of Terminalia catappa L. fruit shell as biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ion in liquid waste. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7(10):78–89.
   Google Scholar
• Demiral İ, Atilgan NG, Şensöz S. Production of biofuel from soft shell of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Chem Eng Commun. 2009;196(1–2):104–115. doi: 10.1080/00986440802300984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajaelu JC, Nwosu V, Ibironke L, et al. Adsorptive removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution using chemically modified African Border Tree (Newbouldia laevis) bark. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2018;21(7):1323–1329. doi: 10.4314/jasem.v21i7.18
   Google Scholar
• Cumberland SA, Wilson SA, Etschmann B, et al. Rapid immobilisation of U(VI) by eucalyptus bark: adsorption without reduction. Appl Geochem. 2018; doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.05.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar NS, Asif M, Al-Hazzaa MI, et al. Biosorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from aqueous medium using agro-waste: pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb) bark powder. Acta Chim Slov 2018;65:221–230. doi: 10.17344/acsi.2017.3886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eletta OAA, Ighalo JO. A review of fish scales as a source of biosorbent for the removal of pollutants from industrial effluents. J Res Inform Civil Eng. 2019;16(1):2479–2510. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20511.61604
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadifar Z, Koohi AD. Characterization, preparation, and uses of nanomagnetic Fe3O4 impregnated onto fish scale as more efficient adsorbent for Cu 2+ ion adsorption. Environ Sci Pollution Res. 2018: 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2058-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandharipande S, Jana R, Ramteke A. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan from fish scales. Int J Sci, Eng Technol Res. 2018;7(4):287–291.
   Google Scholar
• Bello OS, Siang TT, Ahmad MA. Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R reactive dye from aqueous solution by cocoa pod husk-based activated carbon: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Asia-Pacific J. Chem. Eng. 2011;7(3):378–388. doi: 10.1002/apj.557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okiyama D, Navarro S, Rodrigues C. Cocoa shell and its compounds: applications in the food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2017;63:103–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moelyaningrum AD. The potential of cacao pod rind waste (Theobroma cacao) to adsorb heavy metal (Pb and Cd) in water. In: Sustainable future for human security. Berlin: Springer; 2018. p. 265–276.
   Google Scholar
• Conrad K. Correlation between the distribution of lignin and pectin and distribution of sorbed metal ions (lead and zinc) on coir (Cocos nucifera L). Bioresour Technol. 2008;17:8476–8484.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai C-H, Tsai W-T, Liu S-C, et al. Thermochemical characterization of biochar from cocoa pod husk prepared at low pyrolysis temperature. Biomass Conver Biorefinery. 2017: 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai W-T, Jiang T-J, Lin Y-Q. Conversion of de-ashed cocoa pod husk into high-surface-area microporous carbon materials by CO2 physical activation. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage. 2018;21(2):1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejada-Tovar C, Villabona-Ortíz A, González-Delgado ÁD, et al. Kinetics of mercury and nickel adsorption using chemically pretreated cocoa (Theobroma cacao) husk. Trans ASABE. 2019;62(2):461–466.
   Google Scholar
• Obike A, Igwe J, Emeruwa C, et al. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of Cu (II), Cd (II), Pb (II) and Fe (II) adsorption from aqueous solution using Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2018;22(2):182–190.
   Google Scholar
• Olakunle MO, Inyinbor AA, Dada AO, et al. Combating dye pollution using cocoa pod husks: a sustainable approach. Int J Sustainable Eng. 2018;11(1):4–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luna MDG, Budianta W, Rivera KKP, et al. Removal of sodium diclofenac from aqueous solution by adsorbents derived from cocoa pod husks. J Environ Chem Eng. 2017;5(2):1465–1474. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turoti M, Bello E. Cypermethrin adsorption unto sodium chloride-activated Cacao theobroma (Cocoa) pod using digital GC. World Rural Observations. 2013;5(2):20–29.
   Google Scholar
• Adewumi B, Fatusin A. Design, fabrication and testing of an impact-type hand operated cocoa pod breaker. Agri Eng Int: CIGR J. 2006;3:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Iyanda MO, Alhassan EA, Adekanye TA. Design, fabrication and testing of cocoa depodding machine. Mindanao J Sci Technol. 2018;16(1):11–24.
   Google Scholar
• Campos-Vega R, Nieto-Figueroa KH, Oomah BD. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk: renewable source of bioactive compounds. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2018;81:172–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vriesmann LC, Petkowicz CL. Highly acetylated pectin from cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.) forms gel. Food Hydrocoll. 2013;33(1):58–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai W-T, Bai Y-C, Lin Y-Q, et al. Porous and adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from cocoa pod husk by chemical activation. Biomass Conversion Biorefinery. 2019: 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adjin-Tetteh M, Asiedu N, Dodoo-Arhin D, et al. Thermochemical conversion and characterization of cocoa pod husks a potential agricultural waste from Ghana. Ind Crops Prod. 2018;119:304–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igwe JC, Abia AA, Nwankwo SO. Bioremediation of Al(III), Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution using cocoa pod husk: kinetics and intraparticle diffusivities. Bioremed, Biodiv Bioavail. 2011;5(1):28–35.
   Google Scholar
• Ling Pua F, Sajab MS, Chia CH, et al. Alkaline-treated cocoa pod husk as adsorbent for removing methylene blue from aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng. 2013;1(3):460–465.
   Google Scholar
• Adeniyi AG, Onifade DV, Ighalo JO, et al. A review of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites. Composites Part B: Eng. 2019;176; doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takam B, Acayanka E, Kamgang GY, et al. Enhancement of sorption capacity of cocoa shell biomass modified with non-thermal plasma for removal of both cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollution Res. 2017;24(20):16958–16970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olu-Owolabi B, Oputu O, Adebowale K, et al. Biosorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions onto mango stone and cocoa pod waste: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Sci Res Essays. 2012;7(15):1614–1629.
   Google Scholar
• Njoku V, Ayuk A, Ejike E, et al. Cocoa pod husk as a low cost biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2011;5(8):101–110.
   Google Scholar
• Njoku V. Biosorption potential of cocoa pod husk for the removal of Zn(II) from aqueous phase. J Environ Chem Eng. 2014;2(2):881–887.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz G, Pirilä M, Huuhtanen M, et al. Production of activated carbon from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk. J Civil Environment Eng. 2012;2(1–6):2.
   Google Scholar
• Krishna C. A research on cocoa pod husk activated carbon for textile industrial wastewater colour removal. Int J Res Eng Technol. 2014;3:731–737.
   Google Scholar
• Rachmat D, Mawarani LJ, Risanti DD. Utilization of cacao pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.) as activated carbon and catalyst in biodiesel production process from waste cooking oil. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering. Malang: IOP Publishing; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad M, Wan Zainal W. Response surface methodology approach for optimization of activated carbons synthesis from cocoa pod husk. Malaysian Cocoa J. 2010;6:48–56.
   Google Scholar
• Tejada CN, Almanza D, Villabona A, et al. Characterization of activated carbon synthesized at low temperature from cocoa shell (Theobroma cacao) for adsorbing amoxicillin. Ingen Compet. 2017;19(2):45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Bello OS, Ahmad MA. Adsorptive removal of a synthetic textile dye using cocoa pod husks. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2011;93(7):1298–1308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello OS, Ahmad MA, Siang TT. Utilization of cocoa pod husk for the removal of Remazol Black B reactive dye from aqueous solutions: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Trends Appl Sci Res. 2011;6(8):794–812.
   Google Scholar
• Chaithra P, Hemashree K, Bhat JI. An investigation on the attack of dye species on freshly synthesized and characterized activated carbon from cocoa pod. Iran J Energy Environ. 2016;7(4):350–358.
   Google Scholar
• Odubiyi OA, Awoyale AA, Eloka-Eboka AC. Wastewater treatment with activated charcoal produced from cocoa pod husk. Int J Environ Bioenergy. 2012;4(3):162–175.
   Google Scholar
• Okoya AA, Akinyele AB, Ifeanyi E, et al. Adsorption of heavy metal ions onto chitosan grafted cocoa husk char. African J Pure Appl Chem. 2014;8(10):147–161.
   Google Scholar
• Osakwe CE, Sa’id S, Zubairu A. Adsorption of heavy metals from wastewaters using adonosia digitata fruit shells and theobroma cacao pods as adsorbents: a comparative study. AU J Technol. 2014;18(1):11–18.
   Google Scholar
• Zainal NA, Ibrahim S, Arifin B. Adsorption of acid dyes onto zinc chloride-modified cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk-based carbon. Pertanika J Sci Technol. 2017;25:129–138.
   Google Scholar
• Zainal MM, Amin NAS, Asmadi M. Preparation and characterization of impregnated magnetic particles on oil palm frond activated carbon for metal ions removal. Sains Malaysiana. 2017;46(5):773–782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan K, Namasivayam C. Zinc chloride-activated jatropha husk carbon for removal of phenol from water by adsorption: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2011;93(6):1111–1122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liou T-H. Development of mesoporous structure and high adsorption capacity of biomass-based activated carbon by phosphoric acid and zinc chloride activation. Chem Eng J. 2010;158(2):129–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foo K, Hameed B. Potential of jackfruit peel as precursor for activated carbon prepared by microwave induced NaOH activation. Bioresour Technol. 2012;112:143–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaithra P, Hemashree K, Bhat J. Acid adsorption on the activated charcoal synthesized from low cost agricultural waste under varying condition. Iran J Energy Environ. 2017;8(1):36–43.
   Google Scholar
• Rachmat D, Agustin AD, Risanti DD. Purification of biodiesel using activated carbon produced from cocoa pod husk. E3S web of conferences. Les Ulis Cedex: EDP Sciences; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Othman N, Abd-Kadir A, Zayadi N. Waste fish scale as cost effective adsorbent in removing zinc and ferum ion in wastewater. J Eng Appl Sci. 2016;11(3):1584–1592.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury ZZ, Zain SM, Khan RA, et al. Preparation and characterizations of activated carbon from kenaf fiber for equilibrium adsorption studies of copper from wastewater. Korean J Chem Eng. 2012;29(9):1187–1195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad M, Wan Zainal W. Adsorption of malachite green onto cocoa pod husk-based activated carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Malaysian Cocoa J. 2010;6:41–47.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad MA, Fisal A. Preparation of activated carbon from cocoa pod husk: application in methylene blue and malachite green adsorption from aqueous. Malaysian Cocoa J. 2010;6:57–65.
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni S, Dhokpande S. A review on isotherms and kinetics of heavy metal removal. Int J Ethics Eng Manage Edu. 2014;1(2):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Mandal A, Singh N. Kinetic and isotherm error optimization studies for adsorption of atrazine and imidacloprid on bark of Eucalyptus tereticornis L. J Environ Sci Health Part B. 2015. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1108817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langmuir I. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc. 1918;40(9):1361–1403.
   Google Scholar
• Freundlich H. Over the adsorption in solution. J Phys Chem. 1906;57(385471):1100–1107.
   Google Scholar
• Temkin M, Pyzhev V. Recent modifications to Langmuir isotherms. Acta Physio URSS. 1940;12:217–222.
   Google Scholar
• Dubinin MM, Radushkevich LV. Equation of the characteristic curve of activated charcoal. Proc Acad Sci Phys Chem Sect USSR. 1947;55:331–333.
   Google Scholar
• Lagergren S, Svenska BK. On the theory of so-called adsorption of dissolved substances. Roy Swedish Acad Sci Documents Band. 1898;24:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ho YS, Ng JCY, McKay G. Kinetics of pollutant sorption by biosorbents: review. Separ Purif Methods. 2000;29:189–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho YS, McKay G. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochem. 1999;34:451–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber W, Morris J. Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. J Sanit Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng 1963;89:31–60.
   Google Scholar
• Chien SH, Clayton WR. Application of Elovich equation to the kinetics of phosphate release and sorption on soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1980;44:265–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy TM, Hayes KF, Raskin L. Arsenic waste management: a critical review of testing and disposal of arsenic-bearing solid wastes generated during arsenic removal from drinking water. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(19):10799–10812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan C, Tyrer M, Cheeseman CR, et al. Disposal of water treatment wastes containing arsenic—a review. Sci Total Environ. 2010;408(8):1770–1778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar