156
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Implementation of partial nitrification in wastewater treatment systems by modifications in operational strategies– a review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 379-397 | Received 16 Feb 2023, Accepted 28 Apr 2024, Published online: 05 Jun 2024

References

  • Martínez NB, Tejeda A, Del Toro A, et al. Nitrogen removal in pilot-scale partially saturated vertical wetlands with and without an internal source of carbon. Sci Total Environ. 2018;645:524–532. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.147
  • McCarty PL. What is the best biological process for nitrogen removal: when and why? Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(7):3835–3841. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05832
  • Zhang D, Su H, Antwi P, et al. High-rate partial-nitritation and efficient nitrifying bacteria enrichment/out-selection via pH-DO controls: efficiency, kinetics, and microbial community dynamics. Sci Total Environ. 2019aa;692:741–755. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.308
  • Van de Graaf AA, de Bruijn P, Robertson LA, et al. Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor. Microbiology. 1996;142(8):2187–2196. doi: 10.1099/13500872-142-8-2187
  • Kowalski MS, Devlin TR, di Biase A, et al. Effective nitrogen removal in a two-stage partial nitritation-anammox reactor treating municipal wastewater – Piloting PN-MBBR/AMX-IFAS configuration. Bioresour Technol. 2019;289:121742. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121742
  • Gabarró J, Ganigué R, Gich F, et al. Effect of temperature on AOB activity of a partial nitritation SBR treating landfill leachate with extremely high nitrogen concentration. Bioresour Technol. 2012;126:283–289. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.011
  • Jamilis M, Garelli F, Battista D, et al. Operating conditions analysis for a partial nitritation process with biomass retention. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2019;52(1):643–648. doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.06.135
  • Isanta E, Reino C, Carrera J, et al. Stable partial nitritation for low-strength wastewater at low temperature in an aerobic granular reactor. Water Res. 2015;80:149–158. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.028
  • Jiang H, Liu GH, Ma Y, et al. A pilot-scale study on start-up and stable operation of mainstream partial nitrification-anammox biofilter process based on online pH-DO linkage control. Chem Eng J. 2018b;350:1035–1042. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.007
  • Tokutomi T, Shibayama C, Soda S, et al. A novel control method for nitritation: The domination of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria by high concentrations of inorganic carbon in an airlift-fluidized bed reactor. Water Res. 2010;44(14):4195–4203. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.021
  • Liu C, Yu D, Wang Y, et al. A novel control strategy for the partial nitrification and anammox process (PN/A) of immobilized particles: Using salinity as a factor. Bioresour Technol. 2020;302:122864. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122864
  • Zhou X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, et al. Full nitration-denitration versus partial nitration-denitration-anammox for treating high-strength ammonium-rich organic wastewater. Bioresour Technol. 2018;261:379–384. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.049
  • Liu G, Wang J. Long-term low DO enriches and shifts nitrifier community in activated sludge. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(10):5109–5117. doi: 10.1021/es304647y
  • Zheng M, Liu YC, Xu KN, et al. Use of low frequency and density ultrasound to stimulate partial nitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Bioresour Technol. 2013;146:537–542. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.044
  • Wei D, Du B, Xue X, et al. Analysis of factors affecting the performance of partial nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014a;98:1863–1870. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5135-z
  • Liu X, Kim M, Nakhla G. Performance and kinetics of nitrification of low ammonia wastewater at low temperature: Liu et al. Water Environ Res. 2018;90(6):498–509. doi: 10.2175/106143017X14902968254818
  • Van Loosdrecht MC, Picioreanu C, Heijnen JJ. A more unifying hypothesis for biofilm structures. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 1997;24(2):181–183.
  • Hellinga CSAAJC, Schellen AAJC, Mulder JW, et al. The sharon process: an innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water. Water Sci Technol. 1998;37(9):135–142. doi: 10.2166/wst.1998.0350
  • Li H, Zhou S, Huang G, et al. Achieving stable partial nitritation using endpoint pH control in an SBR treating landfill leachate. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2014;92(3):199–205. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2013.01.005
  • Nhat PT, Biec HN, Van TTT, et al. Stability of partial nitritation in a sequencing batch reactor fed with high ammonium strength old urban landfill leachate. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 2017;124:56–61.
  • Gu S, Wang S, Yang Q, et al. Start up partial nitrification at low temperature with a real-time control strategy based on blower frequency and pH. Bioresour Technol. 2012;112:34–41. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.028
  • Durán U, Val del Río A, Campos JL, et al. Enhanced ammonia removal at room temperature by pH controlled partial nitrification and subsequent anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Environ Technol. 2014;35(4):383–390. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2013.829110
  • Yongzhen PENG, Shouyou GAO, Shuying WANG, et al. Partial nitrification from domestic wastewater by aeration control at ambient temperature. Chin J Chem Eng. 2007;15(1):115–121. doi: 10.1016/S1004-9541(07)60043-3
  • Yuan C, Wang B, Peng Y, et al. Enhanced nutrient removal of simultaneous partial nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal (SPNDPR) in a single-stage anaerobic/micro-aerobic sequencing batch reactor for treating real sewage with low carbon/nitrogen. Chemosphere. 2020;257:127097. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127097
  • Cui H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, et al. Stable partial nitrification of domestic sewage achieved through activated sludge on exposure to nitrite. Bioresour Technol. 2019;278:435–439. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.004
  • Li S, Duan H, Zhang Y, et al. Adaptation of nitrifying community in activated sludge to free ammonia inhibition and inactivation. Sci Total Environ. 2020b28:138713. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138713
  • Ciudad G, Gonzalez R, Bornhardt C, et al. Modes of operation and pH control as enhancement factors for partial nitrification with oxygen transport limitation. Water Res. 2007;41(20):4621–4629.
  • Zhang M, Wang S, Ji B, et al. Towards mainstream deammonification of municipal wastewater: Partial nitrification-anammox versus partial denitrification-anammox. Sci Total Environ. 2019ba;692:393–401. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.293
  • Law Y, Lant P, Yuan Z. The effect of pH on N2O production under aerobic conditions in a partial nitritation system. Water Res. 2011;45(18):5934–5944. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.055
  • Kinh CT, Ahn J, Suenaga T, et al. Free nitrous acid and pH determine the predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and amount of N2O in a partial nitrifying reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;101:1673–1683. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7961-2
  • Zhang D, Su H, Antwi P, et al. High-rate partial-nitritation and efficient nitrifying bacteria enrichment/out-selection via pH-DO controls: efficiency, kinetics, and microbial community dynamics. Sci Total Environ. 2019;692:741–755.
  • Chen C, Song Y, Yuan Y. The operating characteristics of partial nitrification by controlling pH and alkalinity. Water (Basel). 2021;13(3):286. doi: 10.3390/w13030286
  • Okabe S, Oshiki M, Takahashi Y, et al. Development of long-term stable partial nitrification and subsequent anammox process. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102(13):6801–6807. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.011
  • Soliman M, Eldyasti A. Development of partial nitrification as a first step of nitrite shunt process in a Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) using Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) controlled by mixing regime. Bioresour Technol. 2016;221:85–95.
  • Chai LY, Ali M, Min XB, et al. Partial nitrification in an air-lift reactor with long-term feeding of increasing ammonium concentrations. Bioresour Technol. 2015;185:134–142. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.091
  • Alleman KS, Peters DG. Catalytic reduction of iodoethane by cobalt (I) salen electrogenerated at vitreous carbon cathodes. J Electroanal Chem. 1998;451(1-2):121–128.
  • Park S, Bae W, Chung J, et al. Empirical model of the pH dependence of the maximum specific nitrification rate. Process Biochem. 2007;42(12):1671–1676. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.09.010
  • Soliman M, Eldyasti A. Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB): opportunities and applications—a review. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol. 2018;17(2):285–321. doi: 10.1007/s11157-018-9463-4
  • Jiang H, Wen Y, Wang Q, et al. Partial nitritation with aerobic duration control of carbon-captured blackwater: Process operation and model-based evaluation. Chem Eng J. 2020;401:126060. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126060
  • He Y, Tao W, Wang Z, et al. Effects of pH and seasonal temperature variation on simultaneous partial nitrification and anammox in free-water surface wetlands. J Environ Manage. 2012;110:103–109. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.009
  • Jiang Y, Poh LS, Lim CP, et al. Impact of free nitrous acid shock and dissolved oxygen limitation on nitritation maintenance and nitrous oxide emission in a membrane bioreactor. Sci Total Environ. 2019a;660:11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.024
  • Li K, Liu Q, Fang F, et al. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment for nutrients recovery: a review. Bioresour Technol. 2019;291:121934.
  • Peng Y, Zhu G. Biological nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;73(1):15–26. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0534-z
  • Jiang C, Xu S, Wang R, et al. Comprehensive assessment of free nitrous acid-based technology to establish partial nitrification. Environ Sci Water Res Technol. 2018a;4(12):2113–2124. doi: 10.1039/C8EW00637G
  • Jiménez E, Giménez JB, Seco A, et al. Effect of pH, substrate and free nitrous acid concentrations on ammonium oxidation rate. Bioresour Technol. 2012;124:478–484. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.079
  • Kent TR, Sun Y, An Z, et al. Mechanistic understanding of the NOB suppression by free ammonia inhibition in continuous flow aerobic granulation bioreactors. Environ Int. 2019;131:105005. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105005
  • Kouba V, Proksova E, Wiesinger H, et al. Good servant, bad master: sulfide influence on partial nitritation of sewage. Water Sci Technol. 2017;76(12):3258–3268. doi: 10.2166/wst.2017.490
  • Kim DJ, Seo DW, Lee SH, et al. Free nitrous acid selectively inhibits and eliminates nitrite oxidizers from nitrifying sequencing batch reactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2012;35(3):441–448. doi: 10.1007/s00449-011-0583-2
  • Li J, Xu K, Liu T, et al. Achieving stable partial nitritation in an acidic nitrifying bioreactor. Environ Sci Technol. 2020a;54(1):456–463. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04400
  • Jiang Y, Poh LS, Lim CP, et al. Effect of free ammonia inhibition on process recovery of partial nitritation in a membrane bioreactor. Bioresource Technol Rep. 2019b;6:152–158. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.02.014
  • Kim DJ, Lee DI, Cha GC, et al. Analysis of free ammonia inhibition of nitrite oxidizing bacteria using a dissolved oxygen respirometer. Environ Eng Res. 2008;13(3):125–130. doi: 10.4491/eer.2008.13.3.125
  • Zhang X, Liang Y, Ma Y, et al. Ammonia removal and microbial characteristics of partial nitrification in biofilm and activated sludge treating low strength sewage at low temperature. Ecol Eng. 2016;93:104–111. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.016
  • Ding F, Liang D, Wu Y, et al. Effect of C/N on partial nitrification in an MBBR at low temperature. Environ Sci. 2020;6(12):3391–3399. doi: 10.1039/D0EW00654H
  • Reino C, Suárez-Ojeda ME, Pérez J, et al. Kinetic and microbiological characterization of aerobic granules performing partial nitritation of a low-strength wastewater at 10 °C. Water Res. 2016;101:147–156. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.059
  • Zhang J, Zhang Q, Miao Y, et al. Stable and efficient partial nitritation granular sludge reactor treating domestic sewage at low temperature. Bioresour Technol. 2018b;270:746–750. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.110
  • Guo J, Peng Y, Huang H, et al. Short- and long-term effects of temperature on partial nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor treating domestic wastewater. J Hazard Mater. 2010;179(1-3):471–479. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.027
  • Chen K, Zhang L, Sun S, et al. In situ enrichment of anammox bacteria in anoxic biofilms are possible due to the stable and long-term accumulation of nitrite during denitrification. Bioresour Technol. 2020;300:122668.
  • Akaboci TRV, Gich F, Ruscalleda M, et al. Effects of extremely low bulk liquid DO on autotrophic nitrogen removal performance and NOB suppression in side- and mainstream one-stage PNA. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2018;93(10):2931–2941. doi: 10.1002/jctb.5649
  • Jia M, Castro-Barros CM, Winkler MK, et al. Effect of organic matter on the performance and N2O emission of a granular sludge anammox reactor. Environ Sci Water Res Technol. 2018;4(7):1035–1046.
  • Qiao S, Matsumoto N, Shinohara T, et al. High-rate partial nitrification performance of high ammonium containing wastewater under low temperatures. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101(1):111–117. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.003
  • Miao Y, Zhang J, Peng Y, et al. An improved start-up strategy for mainstream anammox process through inoculating ordinary nitrification sludge and a small amount of anammox sludge. J Hazard Mater. 2020;384:121325.
  • Liang Y, Li D, Zeng H, et al. Rapid start-up and microbial characteristics of partial nitrification granular sludge treating domestic sewage at room temperature. Bioresour Technol. 2015;196:741–745. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.003
  • Liu Y, Niu Q, Wang S, et al. Upgrading of the symbiosis of Nitrosomanas and anammox bacteria in a novel singlestage partial nitritation–anammox system: Nitrogen removal potential and Microbial characterization. Bioresour Technol. 2017;244:463–472.
  • Sui Q, Di F, Yue W, et al. Multiple strategies for maintaining stable partial nitritation of low-strength ammonia wastewater. Sci Total Environ. 2020;742:140542. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140542
  • Sudarno U, Winter J, Gallert C. Effect of varying salinity, temperature, ammonia and nitrous acid concentrations on nitrification of saline wastewater in fixed-bed reactors. Bioresource Technol. 2011;102(10):5665–5673.
  • Grunditz C, Dalhammar G. Development of nitrification inhibition assays using pure cultures of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Water Res. 2001;35(2):433–440.
  • Wei D, Xue X, Yan L, et al. Effect of influent ammonium concentration on the shift of full nitritation to partial nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor at ambient temperature. Chem Eng J. 2014b;235:19–26. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.005
  • Reino C, van Loosdrecht MC, Carrera J, et al. Effect of temperature on N2O emissions from a highly enriched nitrifying granular sludge performing partial nitritation of a low-strength wastewater. Chemosphere. 2017;185:336–343. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.017
  • Galí A, Dosta J, Van Loosdrecht MCM, et al. Two ways to achieve an anammox influent from real reject water treatment at lab-scale: Partial SBR nitrification and SHARON process. Process Biochem. 2007;42(4):715–720. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.12.002
  • Ge S, Wang S, Yang X, et al. Detection of nitrifiers and evaluation of partial nitrification for wastewater treatment: A review. Chemosphere. 2015;140:85–98. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.004
  • Ahn JH, Yu R, Chandran K. Distinctive microbial ecology and biokinetics of autotrophic ammonia and nitrite oxidation in a partial nitrification bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;100(6):1078–1087. doi: 10.1002/bit.21863
  • Mohammed RN, Abu-Alhail S, Xi-Wu L. Long-term operation of a novel pilot-scale six tanks alternately operating activated sludge process in treating domestic wastewater. Environ Technol. 2014;35(15):1874–1885. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2014.885068
  • Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Asano T, Burton FL, et al. Water reuse. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing; 2007. p. 6–15.
  • Dold B, Spangenberg JE. Sulfur speciation and stable isotope trends of water-soluble sulfates in mine tailings profiles. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39(15):5650–5656.
  • Hassan MO, Gani KM, Kumari S, et al. Start-up of partial nitrification by intermittent aeration, pH shocks and sulfide addition in a sequential batch reactor. J Chem Technol Biot. 2022;97(8):2186–2195.
  • Duan H, Wang Q, Erler DV, et al. Effects of free nitrous acid treatment conditions on the nitrite pathway performance in mainstream wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ. 2018;644:360–370. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.346
  • Wang D, Wang Q, Laloo A, et al. Achieving stable nitritation for mainstream deammonification by combining free nitrous acid-based sludge treatment and oxygen limitation. Sci Rep. 2016a;6(1):25547. doi: 10.1038/srep25547
  • Duan H, Ye L, Lu X, et al. Overcoming nitrite oxidizing bacteria adaptation through alternating sludge treatment with free nitrous acid and free ammonia. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53(4):1937–1946. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06148
  • Wang G, Xu X, Gong Z, et al. Study of simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process in an intermittent aeration membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem. 2016b;51(5):632–641. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.02.001
  • Wang Q, Ye L, Jiang G, et al. Side-stream sludge treatment using free nitrous acid selectively eliminates nitrite oxidizing bacteria and achieves the nitrite pathway. Water Res. 2014;55:245–255. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.029
  • Wang Z, Wang B, Gong X, et al. Free nitrous acid pretreatment of sludge to achieve nitritation: The effect of sludge concentration. Bioresour Technol. 2019;285:121358. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121358
  • Qiu S, Wang L, Chen Z, et al. An integrated mainstream and sidestream strategy for overcoming nitrite oxidizing bacteria adaptation in a continuous plug-flow nutrient removal process. Bioresour Technol. 2021;319:124133. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124133
  • Wang G, Xu X, Zhou L, et al. A pilot-scale study on the start-up of partial nitrification-anammox process for anaerobic sludge digester liquor treatment. Bioresour Technol. 2017a;241:181–189. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.125
  • Wei D, Zhang K, Ngo HH, et al. Nitrogen removal via nitrite in a partial nitrification sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating high strength ammonia wastewater and its greenhouse gas emission. Bioresour Technol. 2017;230:49–55. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.033
  • Yang Y, Chen Z, Wang X, et al. Partial nitrification performance and mechanism of zeolite biological aerated filter for ammonium wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol. 2017;241:473–481. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.151
  • Chen W, Dai X, Cao D, et al. Performance and microbial ecology of a nitritation sequencing batch reactor treating high-strength ammonia wastewater. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):35693. doi: 10.1038/srep35693
  • Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhang F, et al. Nitrite accumulation in comammox-dominated nitrification-denitrification reactors: effects of DO concentration and hydroxylamine addition. J Hazard Mater. 2020;384:121375. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121375
  • Wei W, Wang Q, Zhang L, et al. Free nitrous acid pre-treatment of waste activated sludge enhances volatile solids destruction and improves sludge dewaterability in continuous anaerobic digestion. Water Res. 2018;130:13–19. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.050
  • Li J, Wei J, Ngo HH, et al. Characterization of soluble microbial products in a partial nitrification sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating high ammonia nitrogen wastewater. Bioresour Technol. 2018;249:241–246. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.013
  • Liu X, Kim M, Nakhla G, et al. Partial nitrification-reactor configurations, and operational conditions: performance analysis. J Environ Chem Eng. 2020;8(4):103984.
  • Peng L, Ni BJ, Ye L, et al. The combined effect of dissolved oxygen and nitrite on N2O production by ammonia oxidizing bacteria in an enriched nitrifying sludge. Water Res. 2015;73:29–36.
  • Wang Q, Duan H, Wei W, et al. Achieving stable mainstream nitrogen removal via the nitrite pathway by sludge treatment using free ammonia. Environ Sci Technol. 2017b;51:9800–9807. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02776
  • Zhang L, Yang J, Furukawa K. Stable and high-rate nitrogen removal from reject water by partial nitrification and subsequent anammox. J Biosci Bioeng. 2010;110(4):441–448. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.05.008
  • Sun T, Du R, Dan Q, et al. Rapidly achieving partial nitrification of municipal wastewater in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) reactor: effect of heterotrophs proliferation and microbial interactions. Bioresour Technol. 2021;340:125712.
  • Vadivelu VM, Keller J, Yuan Z. Effect of free ammonia and free nitrous acid concentration on the anabolic and catabolic processes of an enriched Nitrosomonas culture. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006;95(5):830–839. doi: 10.1002/bit.21018
  • Zhang F, Yang H, Wang J, et al. Effect of free ammonia inhibition on NOB activity in high nitrifying performance of sludge. RSC Adv. 2018a;8(56):31987–31995. doi: 10.1039/C8RA06198J
  • Chung J, Shim H, Park SJ, et al. Optimization of free ammonia concentration for nitrite accumulation in shortcut biological nitrogen removal process. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2006;28:275–282. doi: 10.1007/s00449-005-0035-y
  • Anthonisen AC, Loehr RC, Prakasam TBS, et al. Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid. J Water Pollution Cont Fed. 1976;48(5):835–852.
  • Deng S, Peng Y, Zhang L, et al. Advanced nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater via two-stage partial nitrification-simultaneous anammox and denitrification (PN-SAD) process. Bioresour Technol. 2020;304:122955. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122955
  • Poot V, Hoekstra M, Geleijnse MAA, et al. Effects of the residual ammonium concentration on NOB repression during partial nitritation with granular sludge. Water Res. 2016;106:518–530. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.028
  • Qian W, Peng Y, Li X, et al. The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on ammonia oxidizing bacteria and nitrite oxidizing bacteria under anaerobic condition. Bioresour Technol. 2017;243:1247–1250. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.119
  • Kim DJ, Lee DI, Keller J. Effect of temperature and free ammonia on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in landfill leachate and analysis of its nitrifying bacterial community by FISH. Bioresour Technol. 2006;97(3):459–468. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.032
  • Liu T, Hu S, Yuan Z, et al. High-level nitrogen removal by simultaneous partial nitritation, anammox and nitrite/nitrate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation. Water Res. 2019;166:115057.
  • Vadivelu VM, Keller J, Yuan Z. Free ammonia and free nitrous acid inhibition on the anabolic and catabolic processes of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Water Sci Technol. 2007;56(7):89–97. doi: 10.2166/wst.2007.612
  • Hung HF, Kuo YM, Chien CC, et al. Use of floating balls for reducing bacterial aerosol emissions from aeration in wastewater treatment processes. J Hazard Mater. 2010;175(1-3):866–871.
  • Bejarano Ortiz DI, Thalasso F, Cuervo López FDM, et al. Inhibitory effect of sulfide on the nitrifying respiratory process. J Chem Technol and Biot. 2013;88(7):1344–1349.
  • Vela JD, Dick GJ, Love NG. Sulfide inhibition of nitrite oxidation in activated sludge depends on microbial community composition. Water Res. 2018;138:241–249. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.047
  • Erguder TH, Boon N, Vlaeminck SE, et al. Partial nitrification achieved by pulse sulfide doses in a sequential batch reactor. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(23):8715–8720. doi: 10.1021/es801391u
  • Cui B, Yang Q, Liu X, et al. The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on long-term stability of partial nitrification process. J Environ Sci. 2020;90:343–351. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.12.012
  • Ji J, Peng Y, Li X, et al. A novel partial nitrification-synchronous anammox and endogenous partial denitrification (PN-SAEPD) process for advanced nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater at ambient temperatures. Water Res. 2020;175:115690.
  • Xu X, Qiu L, Wang C, et al. Achieving mainstream nitrogen and phosphorus removal through Simultaneous partial Nitrification, Anammox, Denitrification, and Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal (SNADPR) process in a single-tank integrative reactor. Bioresour Technol. 2019;284:80–89.
  • Huang S, Zhu Y, Lian J, et al. Enhancement in the partial nitrification of wastewater sludge via low-intensity ultrasound: effects on rapid start-up and temperature resilience. Bioresour Technol. 2019;294:122196.
  • Choi D, Cho K, Jung J. Optimization of nitrogen removal performance in a single-stage SBR based on partial nitritation and ANAMMOX. Water Res. 2019;162:105–114.
  • Chen Y, Zhao Z, Liu H, et al. Achieving stable two-stage mainstream partial-nitrification/anammox (PN/A) operation via intermittent aeration. Chemosphere. 2020;245:125650.
  • Ge CH, Dong Y, Li H, et al. Nitritation-anammox process–a realizable and satisfactory way to remove nitrogen from high saline wastewater. Bioresour Technol. 2019;275:86–93.
  • Wang D, Wang G, Yang F, et al. Treatment of municipal sewage with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio via simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, and denitrification (SNAD) in a non-woven rotating biological contactor. Chemosphere. 2018;208:854–861.
  • Giustinianovich EA, Campos JL, Roeckel MD, et al. Influence of biomass acclimation on the performance of a partial nitritation-anammox reactor treating industrial saline effluents. Chemosphere. 2018;194:131–138.
  • Cui H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, et al. Stable partial nitrification of domestic sewage achieved through activated sludge on exposure to nitrite. Bioresour Technol. 2019;278:435–439.