Advancing stormwater harvesting: a comprehensive review of current drivers, implementation advancements, and pathways forward

References

• Probst N, et al. Blue green systems for urban heat mitigation: mechanisms, effectiveness and research directions. Blue-Green Syst. 2022;4(2):348–376.
   Google Scholar
• Paton FL, Dandy GC, Maier HR. Integrated framework for assessing urban water supply security of systems with non-traditional sources under climate change. Environ Modell Software. 2014;60:302–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang L, Fenner RA. System interactions of stormwater management using sustainable urban drainage systems and green infrastructure. Urban Water J. 2016;13(7):739–758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batalini de Macedo M, et al. Low impact development practices in the context of United Nations sustainable development goals: a new concept, lessons learned and challenges. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2022;52(14):2538–2581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher TD, et al. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water J. 2015;12(7):525–542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts AM, et al. Watering our cities: the capacity for water sensitive urban design to support urban cooling and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context. Prog Phys Geogr. 2013;37(1):2–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent AM, et al. The microscale cooling effects of water sensitive urban design and irrigation in a suburban environment. Theor Appl Climatol. 2018;134(1-2):1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong THF. An overview of water sensitive urban design practices in Australia. Water Pract Technol. 2006;1(1). p. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Radcliffe JC. History of water sensitive urban design/low impact development adoption in Australia and internationally. In: Ashok K. Sharma, Ted Gardner, Don Begbie, editors. Approaches to water sensitive urban design. Cambridge: Elsevier; 2019. p. 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Furlong C, De Silva S, Guthrie L. Planning scales and approval processes for IUWM projects; lessons from Melbourne, Australia. Water Policy. 2016;18(3):783–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Shacham E, Walters G, Janzen C, Maginnis S. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2016. p. 2016–2036.
   Google Scholar
• Maes J, Jacobs S. Nature-based solutions for Europe's sustainable development. Conserv Lett. 2017;10(1):121–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao X-J, Liao K-H, Randrup TB. Sustainable stormwater management: a qualitative case study of the sponge cities initiative in China. Sustainable Cities Soc. 2020;53:101963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao W, et al. Data integration and its application in the sponge city construction of China. Proc Eng. 2016;154:779–786.
   Google Scholar
• Kim Y, et al. Community-based rainwater harvesting (CB-RWH) to supply drinking water in developing countries: lessons learned from case studies in Africa and Asia. Water Supply. 2016;16(4):1110–1121.
   Google Scholar
• Raimondi A, Quinn R, Abhijith GR, et al. Rainwater harvesting and treatment: state of the art and perspectives. Water (Basel). 2023;15(8):1–21. doi:10.3390/w15081518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boers TM, Ben-Asher J. A review of rainwater harvesting. Agric Water Manag. 1982;5(2):145–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campisano A, et al. Urban rainwater harvesting systems: research, implementation and future perspectives. Water Res. 2017;115:195–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yannopoulos S, Giannopoulou I, Kaiafa-Saropoulou M. Investigation of the current situation and prospects for the development of rainwater harvesting as a tool to confront water scarcity worldwide. Water (Basel). 2019;11; doi: 10.3390/w11102168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djukić A, et al. Build-up and characterisation of pollutants on urban impervious surfaces. Water Sci Technol. 2018;77(8):2123–2133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach PM, McCarthy DT, Deletic A. Redefining the stormwater first flush phenomenon. Water Res. 2010;44(8):2487–2498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi B, et al. Illicit discharge detection in stormwater drains using an Arduino-based low-cost sensor network. Water Sci Technol. 2022;85(5):1372–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prodanovic V, et al. Calibration and sensitivity analysis of a novel water flow and pollution model for future city planning: future urban stormwater simulation (FUSS). Water Sci Technol. 2022;85(4):961–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdan SM, et al. Stormwater availability in the Gaza strip, Palestine. Int J Environ Health. 2007;1(4):580–594.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell VG, et al. Urban stormwater harvesting - sensitivity of a storage behaviour model. Environ Modell Software. 2008;23(6):782–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd S, Wong T, Blunt S. Water-sensitive cities: applying the framework to Melbourne. Aust J Water Resour. 2012;16(1):65–74.
   Google Scholar
• Deletic A, et al. Modelling to support the planning of sustainable urban water systems. In: Mannina G, editor. New trends in urban drainage modelling. Cham: UDM 2018. Green Energy and Technology. Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 10–19.
   Google Scholar
• Attwater R, Derry C. Achieving resilience through water recycling in Peri-Urban agriculture. Water (Switzerland). 2017;9(3):223.
   Google Scholar
• Antunes LN, Ghisi E, Severis RM. Environmental assessment of a permeable pavement system used to harvest stormwater for non-potable water uses in a building. Sci Total Environ. 2020;746(141087):1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Hamdan SM. A literature based study of stormwater harvesting as a new water resource. Water Sci Technol. 2009;60(5):1327–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor T, et al. Self-reported judgements of management and governance issues in stormwater and greywater systems. J Cleaner Prod. 2012;29-30:144–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen T, Bach P, Pahlow M. Multi-scale stormwater harvesting to enhance urban resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters. Blue-Green Syst. 2022;4:58–74.
   Google Scholar
• Ekanayake D, et al. Enhanced removal of nutrients, heavy metals, and PAH from synthetic stormwater by incorporating different adsorbents into a filter media. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2021;232:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwecke M, Simmons B, Maheshwari B. Sustainable use of stormwater for irrigation case study: manly golf course. Environmentalist. 2007;27(1):51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Helmi AM, Zohny O. Flash flood risk assessment in Egypt. In Abdelazim M. Negm, editor. Flash floods in Egypt: Advances in science, technology & innovation. Cham: Springer; 2020:253–312.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. Evaluating the reliability of stormwater treatment systems under various future climate conditions. J Hydrol. 2019;568:57–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean AJ, et al. How social capital influences community support for alternative water sources. Sustainable Cities Soc. 2016;27:457–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagare D, Hagare P, Borg M. Economic evaluation of stormwater harvesting - A case study. J Indian Inst Sci. 2013;93(2):285–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faragò M, et al. An eco-efficiency evaluation of community-scale rainwater and stormwater harvesting in Aarhus, Denmark. J Cleaner Prod. 2019;219:601–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandulu JM, Connor JD, MacDonald DH. Ecosystem services in urban water investment. J Environ Manag. 2014;145:43–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns MJ, Mitchell VG. Stormwater harvesting: assessing operational system performance. Aust J Water Resour. 2008;12(1):153–160.
   Google Scholar
• Hatt BE, Deletic A, Fletcher TD. Integrated treatment and recycling of stormwater: a review of Australian practice. J Environ Manag. 2006;79(1):102–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahammed F. A review of water-sensitive urban design technologies and practices for sustainable stormwater management. Sustainable Water Resour Manage. 2017;3(3):269–282.
   Google Scholar
• Amos CC, et al. A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus. J Cleaner Prod. 2018;202:174–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Mak S, Thomas A. Steps for conducting a scoping review. J Grad Med Educ. 2022;14(5):565–567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alim MA, et al. Suitability of roof harvested rainwater for potential potable water production: a scoping review. J Cleaner Prod. 2020;248:119226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt MF, Rodrigo D. Achieving climate change resiliency through integrated stormwater management. 86th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, WEFTEC 2013; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheimer J, et al. Total water solutions—capturing alternative water sources to supplement drinking water supply. Journal AWWA. 2017;109(1):18–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshtawi T, et al. Integrated hydrologic modeling as a key for sustainable urban water resources planning. Water Res. 2016;101:411–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdan S, Troeger U, Nassar A. Quality risks of stormwater harvesting in Gaza. J Environ Sci Technol. 2011;4(1):55–64.
   Google Scholar
• Rohrer AR, Armitage NP. Improving the viability of stormwater harvesting through rudimentary real time control. Water (Switzerland). 2017;9(6):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher-Jeffes L, et al. Stormwater harvesting: improving water security in South Africa's urban areas. S Afr J Sci. 2017;113(1-2):1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña-Guzmán CA, et al. Simulation of infrastructure options for urban water management in two urban catchments in Bogotá, Colombia. Water (Switzerland). 2017;9(11):1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Tsang DCW, Yu IKM, Xiong X, et al. Chapter 18 - novel application of biochar in stormwater harvesting. In: YS Ok, editor. Biochar from biomass and waste. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2019. p. 319–347.
   Google Scholar
• Hammes G, Thives LP, Ghisi E. Application of stormwater collected from porous asphalt pavements for non-potable uses in buildings. J Environ Manag. 2018;222:338–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishaq AM, Khararjian HA. Stormwater harvesting in the urban watersheds of arid zones. J Am Water Resour Assoc. 1988;24(6):1227–1235.
   Google Scholar
• Inamdar PM, et al. A GIS based screening tool for locating and ranking of suitable stormwater harvesting sites in urban areas. J Environ Manag. 2013;128:363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong MN, et al. Urban stormwater harvesting and reuse: a probe into the chemical, toxicology and microbiological contaminants in water quality. Environ Monit Assess. 2013;185(8):6645–6652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe JC, et al. Fifty years of water sensitive urban design, Salisbury, South Australia. Front Environ Sci Eng. 2017;11(7):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Wu Z, McKay J, Keremane G. Issues affecting community attitudes and intended behaviours in stormwater reuse: a case study of Salisbury, South Australia. Water (Switzerland). 2012;4(4):835–847.
   Google Scholar
• Ashbolt S, et al. Can stormwater harvesting restore pre-development flows in urban catchments in South East Queensland? Water Sci Technol. 2013;67(2):446–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettini Y, et al. Achieving water sensitive cities: Institutions as building blocks of collective action. WSUD 2012 - 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Building the Water Sensitive Community, Final Program and Abstract Book; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Burns MJ, Wallis E, Matic V. Building capacity in low-impact drainage management through research collaboration. Freshwater Sci. 2015;34(3):1176–1185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasena GI, Deletic A, McCarthy DT. Biofiltration for stormwater harvesting: comparison of Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli removal under normal and challenging operational conditions. J Hydrol. 2016;537:248–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandulu JM, et al. Ecosystem service impacts of urban water supply and demand management. Water Resour Manage. 2017;31(15):4785–4799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C, Brown R, Morison P. Co-governing decentralised water systems: an analytical framework. Water Sci Technol. 2012;66(12):2731–2736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. Methodologies for pre-validation of biofilters and wetlands for stormwater treatment. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naserisafavi N, et al. Community values on governing urban water nature-based solutions in Sydney, Australia. J Environ Manag. 2022;322:116063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud SH, Alazba AA. Towards a sustainable capital city: an approach for flood management and artificial recharge in naturally water-scarce regions, central region of Saudi Arabia. Arabian J Geosci. 2016;9(2):1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols PWB, Lucke T. Local level stormwater harvesting and reuse: a practical solution to the water security challenges faced by urban trees. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2015;7(7):8635–8648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryal SK, et al. Assessing and mitigating the hydrological impacts of urbanisation in semi-urban catchments using the storm water management model. Water Resour Manage. 2016;30(14):5437–5454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iftekhar MS, Pannell DJ. Developing an integrated investment decision-support framework for water-sensitive urban design projects. J Hydrol. 2022;607:127532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster J, Lowe A, Winkelman S. The value of green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation. Center Clean Air Policy. 2011;750(1):1–52.
   Google Scholar
• Inamdar PM, et al. Evaluation of stormwater harvesting sites using multi criteria decision methodology. J Hydrol. 2018;562:181–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebman MB, Jonasson OJ, Wiese RN. The urban stormwater farm. Water Sci Technol. 2011;64(1):239–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie I. Stormwater harvesting and WSUD frequent flow management: a compatibility analysis. Water Sci Technol. 2012;66(3):612–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandy GC, et al. An integrated framework for selecting and evaluating the performance of stormwater harvesting options to supplement existing water supply systems. Environ Modell Software. 2019;122:1–13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang H, et al. Machine learning approaches for predicting the performance of stormwater biofilters in heavy metal removal and risk mitigation. Water Res. 2021;200:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher TD, et al. Is stormwater harvesting beneficial to urban waterway environmental flows? Water Sci Technol. 2007;55(4):265–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godskesen B, et al. ASTA — A method for multi-criteria evaluation of water supply technologies to assess the most sustainable alternative for Copenhagen. Sci Total Environ. 2018;618:399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godskesen B, et al. Life-cycle and freshwater withdrawal impact assessment of water supply technologies. Water Res. 2013;47(7):2363–2374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins Vaz IC, Ghisi E, Thives LP. Stormwater Harvested from permeable pavements as a means to save potable water in buildings. Water (Basel). 2021;13(14):1896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt MF. Caring for our coastal waters through integrated stormwater management. 87th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, WEFTEC 2014; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. Quantifying the benefits of stormwater harvesting for pollution mitigation. Water Res. 2020;171:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argue JR. Towards a universal stormwater management practice for arid zone residential developments. Water Sci Technol. 1995;32(1):15–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, et al. Development of the data-driven models for accessing the impact of design variables on heavy metal removal in constructed wetlands. Blue-Green Syst. 2021;3(1):163–174.
   Google Scholar
• Bach PM, et al. A spatial planning-support system for generating decentralised urban stormwater management schemes. Sci Total Environ. 2020;726:138282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogate NG, Rawal PM. Identification of potential stormwater recharge zones in dense urban context: a case study from Pune city. Int J Environ Res. 2015;9(4):1259–1268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goonrey CM, et al. A technical decision-making framework: stormwater as an alternative supply source. Urban Water J. 2009;6(6):417–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inamdar PM, et al. Development of a GIS based screening tool for evaluating stormwater harvesting sites in urban areas. MODSIM 2011 - 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation - Sustaining Our Future: Understanding and Living with Uncertainty; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Lim MH, et al. Urban stormwater harvesting: a valuable water resource of Singapore. Water Pract Technol. 2011;6(4). doi:10.2166/wpt.2011.067
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Jensen MB, Meng Q. Potential contributions to Beijing's water supply from reuse of storm- and greywater. J Southeast Univ (Engl Ed). 2014;30(2):150–157.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud SH, et al. GIS methods for sustainable stormwater harvesting and storage using remote sensing for land cover data - location assessment. Environ Monit Assess. 2015;187(9).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdle P, et al. Centralised urban stormwater harvesting for potable reuse. Water Sci Technol. 2011;63(1):16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy DT, et al. Development and testing of a model for micro-organism prediction in urban stormwater (MOPUS). J Hydrol. 2011;409(1-2):236–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan C, Woods A. Creating a water-sensitive north-west Cambridge master plan. Proc Inst Civil Eng: Munic Eng. 2013;166(2):98–110.
   Google Scholar
• Pathak S, et al. Evaluating hotspots for stormwater harvesting through participatory sensing. J Environ Manag. 2019;242:351–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak S, et al. Ranking of storm water harvesting sites using heuristic and non-heuristic weighing approaches. Water (Switzerland). 2017;9(9):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Randelovic A, et al. Stormwater biofilter treatment model (MPiRe) for selected micro-pollutants. Water Res. 2016;89:180–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkota M, Arora M, Malano H. Multi-criteria decision analysis for hybrid water supply systems. Proceedings - 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, MODSIM 2017; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Sapkota M, et al. Integrated evaluation of hybridwater supply systems using a PROMETHEE-GAIA approach. Water (Switzerland). 2018;10(5):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Wadhwa A, Kummamuru PK. A study on the effectiveness of percolation ponds as a stormwater harvesting alternative for a semi-urban catchment. Aqua Water Infrastruct Ecosyst Soc. 2021;70(2):184–201.
   Google Scholar
• Pathak S, et al. A methodology to assess and evaluate sites with high potential for stormwater harvesting in Dehradun, India. Big Data Res. 2024;35:100415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryal R, et al. Urban stormwater quality and treatment. Korean J Chem Eng. 2010;27(5):1343–1359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie IM. Stormwater reuse treatment requirements and screening-level risk assessment at two urban spatial scales. J Water Reuse Desalin. 2012;2(1):13–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasena G, et al. Stormwater biofilters as barriers against Campylobacter jejuni, Cryptosporidium Oocysts and adenoviruses; results from a laboratory trial. Water (Switzerland). 2017;9(12):1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Lim KY, Hamilton AJ, Jiang SC. Assessment of public health risk associated with viral contamination in harvested urban stormwater for domestic applications. Sci Total Environ. 2015;523:95–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy HM, et al. Current stormwater harvesting guidelines are inadequate for mitigating risk from Campylobacter during nonpotable reuse activities. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(21):12498–12507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page D, et al. Risk assessment of aquifer storage transfer and recovery with urban stormwater for producing water of a potable quality. J Environ Qual. 2010;39(6):2029–2039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page D, et al. Microbiological risks of recycling urban stormwater via aquifers for various uses in Adelaide, Australia. Environ Earth Sci. 2015;73(12):7733–7737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang JYM, et al. Toxicity characterization of urban stormwater with bioanalytical tools. Water Res. 2013;47(15):5594–5606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, et al. Catchment scale assessment of risk posed by traffic generated heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2017;144:593–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHMRC. (2009). Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (Phase 2): Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse. Canberra: Natural Resource Ministerial Management Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council and National Health and Medical Research Council; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Winston RJ, et al. Hydrologic performance of permeable pavement and stormwater harvesting treatment train stormwater control measure. J Sustainable Water Built Environ. 2020;6(1):1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratières K, et al. Performance of enviss™ stormwater filters: results of a laboratory trial. Water Sci Technol. 2012;66(4):719–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Macedo MB, do Lago CAF, Mendiondo EM. Stormwater volume reduction and water quality improvement by bioretention: potentials and challenges for water security in a subtropical catchment. Sci Total Environ. 2019;647:923–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng W, et al. Electrochemical oxidation disinfects urban stormwater: major disinfection mechanisms and longevity tests. Sci Total Environ. 2019;646:1440–1447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng W, et al. Biofilters for stormwater harvesting: understanding the treatment performance of key metals that pose a risk for water use. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(9):5100–5108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng W, et al. Electrochemical oxidation for stormwater disinfection: how does real stormwater chemistry impact on pathogen removal and disinfection by-products level? Chemosphere. 2018;213:226–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng W, et al. Stormwater disinfection using electrochemical oxidation: a feasibility investigation. Water Res. 2018;140:301–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold AC, Thompson SP, Piehler MF. The effects of urbanization and retention-based stormwater management on coastal plain stream nutrient export. Water Resour Res. 2019;55(8):7027–7046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest RM, et al. Zinc-sulphate-heptahydrate coated activated carbon for microbe removal from stormwater. Water Sci Technol. 2012;66(7):1582–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haimann R, Rangarajan S. Is urban stormwater ready for pollutant trading? Long Island Sound pollutant trading initiative. 86th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, WEFTEC 2013; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Kandra H, et al. Modelling the clogging of a field filtration system used for stormwater harvesting. Environ Sci: Water Res Technol. 2020;6(4):993–1003.
   Google Scholar
• Kazemi F, Hill K. Effect of permeable pavement basecourse aggregates on stormwater quality for irrigation reuse. Ecol Eng. 2015;77:189–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau AYT, et al. Surface-modified biochar in a bioretention system for Escherichia coli removal from stormwater. Chemosphere. 2017;169:89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthy RG, Sharvelle S, Dillon P. Urban stormwater to enhance water supply. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53(10):5534–5542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng Z, et al. Stormwater constructed wetlands: a source or a sink of Campylobacter spp. Water Res. 2018;131:218–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols P, Lucke T. Evaluation of the long-term pollution removal performance of established bioretention cells. Int J GEOMATE. 2016;11(2):2363–2369.
   Google Scholar
• Page DW, Khan SJ, Miotlinski K. A systematic approach to determine herbicide removals in constructed wetlands using time integrated passive samplers. J Water Reuse Desalin. 2011;1(1):11–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne EG, et al. Biotreatment technologies for stormwater harvesting: critical perspectives. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2019;57:191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petterson SR, et al. Evaluation of three full-scale stormwater treatment systems with respect to water yield, pathogen removal efficacy and human health risk from faecal pathogens. Sci Total Environ. 2016;543:691–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen P, et al. Real time control of biofilters delivers stormwater suitable for harvesting and reuse. Water Res. 2020;169:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderzalm JL, et al. Nutrient removal during stormwater aquifer storage and recovery in an anoxic carbonate aquifer. J Environ Qual. 2018;47(2):276–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. Stormwater biofilters: a new validation modelling tool. Ecol Eng. 2016;87:53–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. The validation of stormwater biofilters for micropollutant removal using in situ challenge tests. Ecol Eng. 2014;67:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. Validation of stormwater biofilters using in-situ columns. Sci Total Environ. 2016;544:48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimiento MA, Borrero JAL, Torres A. Potential uses of stormwater runoff sediments retained in a constructed-wetland/storage-tank. Ing Univ. 2021;25:8.
   Google Scholar
• Burge K, et al. Water sensitive Urban design in a changing climate: Estimating the performance of WSUD treatment measures under various climate change scenarios. WSUD 2012 - 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Building the Water Sensitive Community, Final Program and Abstract Book; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins GA, Greenway M, Polson C. The impact of water reuse on the hydrology and ecology of a constructed stormwater wetland and its catchment. Ecol Eng. 2012;47:308–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YL, Deletic A, McCarthy DT. Removal of E. coli from urban stormwater using antimicrobial-modified filter media. J Hazard Mater. 2014;271:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nnadi EO, et al. Stormwater harvesting for irrigation purposes: an investigation of chemical quality of water recycled in pervious pavement system. J Environ Manag. 2015;147:246–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page D, et al. Characterising aquifer treatment for pathogens in managed aquifer recharge. Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(9):2009–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Z, et al. Stormwater herbicides removal with a solar-driven advanced oxidation process: a feasibility investigation. Water Res. 2021;190:116783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira MPS, Santos PSM, Duarte AC. Oxidation of small aromatic compounds in rainwater by UV/H2O2: optimization by response surface methodology. Sci Total Environ. 2022;815:152857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanciolo P, et al. Stormwater treatment using natural and engineered options in an urban growth area: a case study in the west of Melbourne. Water (Basel). 2023;15(23):1–23. doi:10.3390/w15234047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Shi C, Liu A. Toxicity of urban stormwater on Chlorella pyrenoidosa: implications for reuse safety. Sci Total Environ. 2024;926:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao L, et al. Bioinspired stormwater control measure for the enhanced removal of truly dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from urban runoff. Water Res. 2024;254:121355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie IM. Hydrological analysis of single and dual storage systems for stormwater harvesting. Water Sci Technol. 2008;58(5):1039–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns MJ, et al. Flow-regime management at the urban land-parcel scale: test of feasibility. J Hydrol Eng. 2015;20(12):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark R, et al. Reliability of water supply from stormwater harvesting and managed aquifer recharge with a brackish aquifer in an urbanising catchment and changing climate. Environ Modell Software. 2015;72:117–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jussah O, et al. Assessment of the potential contribution of alternative water supply systems in two contrasting locations: Lilongwe, Malawi and Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. J Water Clim Change. 2020;11(1):130–149.
   Google Scholar
• Kirzhner F, Kadmon A. Estimation of the possible flood discharge and volume of stormwater for designing water storage. Rev Environ Health. 2011;26(4):301–307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marchi A, Dandy GC, Maier HR. Integrated approach for optimizing the design of aquifer storage and recovery stormwater harvesting schemes accounting for externalities and climate change. J Water Resour Plann Manage. 2016;142(4):1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell VG, et al. Achieving multiple benefits from stormwater harvesting. Water Sci Technol. 2007;55(4):135–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okedi J, Armitage NP. Benefits of real time control for catchment scale stormwater harvesting in Cape Town, South Africa. In New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling: UDM 2018. Cham: Springer International Publishing, Green Energy Technol. 2019. p. 587–591.
   Google Scholar
• Fan S, Wen G, Liu A. Urban stormwater disinfection, quality variability during storage and influence on the freshwater algae: implications for reuse safety. J Environ Sci. 2023;124:655–666.
   Google Scholar
• Marks R, et al. Parafield urban stormwater harvesting facility. Water (Basel). 2005;32(5):42–45.
   Google Scholar
• Askarizadeh A, et al. From rain tanks to catchments: use of low-impact development to address hydrologic symptoms of the urban stream syndrome. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49(19):11264–11280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang N-B, et al. Chapter 16 - floating treatment wetlands for nutrient removal in a subtropical stormwater wet detention pond with a fountain. In: SE Jørgensen, N-B Chang, F-L Xu, editors. Developments in environmental modelling. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014. p. 437–467.
   Google Scholar
• Lund NSV, et al. Integrated stormwater inflow control for sewers and green structures in urban landscapes. Nat Sustain. 2019;2(11):1003–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan H-F, Gao X. Flooding control and hydro-energy assessment for urban stormwater drainage systems under climate change: framework development and case study. Water Resour Manage. 2019;33(10):3523–3545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renneker ML, et al. Go with the flow: land art as a medium for stormwater management. In: IJW Firth, editor. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Page D, et al. Managed aquifer recharge stormwater use options: public health and environmental risk assessment final report. Goyder Inst Water Res Tech Rep Ser; 2013;13:1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Day JK, Sharma AK. Stormwater harvesting infrastructure systems design for urban park irrigation: Brimbank Park, Melbourne case study. J Water Supply: Res Technol - AQUA. 2020;69(8):844–857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales CP, Mogul AP, Balmores R. Stormwater to food water: reusing flood as irrigation for urban agricultural areas through regenerative living landscape. Alam Cipta: Int J Sustainable Trop Des Res Pract. 2023;16(1):38–47.
   Google Scholar
• Speijer L, et al. Enhancing groundwater recharge in drinking water protection zones in Flanders (Belgium): a novel approach to assess stormwater managed aquifer recharge potential. J Hydrol: Reg Stud. 2024;53:101747.
   Google Scholar
• Hawken S, et al. What makes a successful Sponge City project? Expert perceptions of critical factors in integrated urban water management in the Asia-Pacific. Sustainable Cities Soc. 2021;75:103317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beryani A, et al. Survey of the operational status of twenty-six urban stormwater biofilter facilities in Sweden. J Environ Manag. 2021;297:113375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlister T, Stephens M, Allen A. Aura, the city of colour – Australia’s shining example of widescale integrated water cycle management. Water Pract Technol. 2017;12(3):737–744.
   Google Scholar
• Parker EA, et al. Can smart stormwater systems outsmart the weather? Stormwater capture with real-time control in Southern California. ACS Environ Sci Technol Water. 2022;2(1):10–21.
   Google Scholar
• Marchionni V, et al. Assessing vegetation response to irrigation strategies and soil properties in an urban reserve in southeast Australia. Landsc Urban Plann. 2021:215:104198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahnsteiner J, Lempert G. Water management in Windhoek, Namibia. Water Sci Technol. 2007;55(1-2):441–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneemann M. (2021). Growing infrastructure, growing economies, nurturing investments: stormwater infrastructure training and maintenance needs assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Coyne T, et al. Culturally inclusive water urban design: a critical history of hydrosocial infrastructures in Southern Sydney, Australia. Blue-Green Syst. 2020;2(1):364–382.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbie MF, Brown RR. Transition to a water-cycle city: sociodemographic influences on Australian urban water practitioners’ risk perceptions towards alternative water systems. Urban Water J. 2014;11(6):444–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang AHS, Valeo C, Draper D. Public perceptions and attitudes toward stormwater recycling for irrigation. Can Water Resour J. 2006;31(3):185–196.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers BC, et al. Analysis of institutional work on innovation trajectories in water infrastructure systems of Melbourne, Australia. Environ Innovation Soc Transitions. 2015;15:42–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanyanyiwa CT, et al. Managing stormwater in South African neighbourhoods: when engineers and scientists need social science skills to get their jobs done. AQUA - Water Infrastructure. Ecosyst Soc. 2023;72(4):456–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd SD, Wong THF, Porter B. The planning and construction of an urban stormwater management scheme. Water Sci Technol. 2002;45(7):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henao Casas JD, et al. Stormwater harvesting in ephemeral streams: how to bypass clogging and unsaturated layers. Hydrol J. 2021;29(5):1813–1830.
   Google Scholar
• Dandy GC, Di Matteo M, Maier HR. Chapter 15 - Optimization of WSUD systems: selection, sizing, and layout. In: AK Sharma, T Gardner, D Begbie, editors. Approaches to water sensitive urban design. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2019. p. 303–328.
   Google Scholar
• Alley ZM, et al. The relative value of pre-implementation stages for successful implementation of evidence-informed programs. Implement Sci. 2023;18(1):30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandi S, Gonela V. Rainwater harvesting for domestic use: a systematic review and outlook from the utility policy and management perspectives. Util Policy. 2022;77:101383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacific-Invasives-Initiative. (2024). Resource kit for rodent and cat eradication.
   Google Scholar
• Razzaghmanesh M, Beecham S, Kazemi F. Impact of green roofs on stormwater quality in a South Australian urban environment. Sci Total Environ. 2014;470-471:651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkota M, et al. An integrated framework for assessment of hybrid water supply systems. Water (Basel). 2016;8(1):4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkota M, et al. Understanding the impact of hybrid water supply systems on wastewater and stormwater flows. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2018;130:82–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Duin B, et al. Toward more resilient urban stormwater management systems—bridging the gap from theory to implementation. Front Water. 2021;3:1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Singapor's-National-Water-Agency. (2024). Guides and handbooks. public utilities board.
   Google Scholar
• Ngo T-M-L, Wang S-J, Chen P-Y. Assessment of future climate change impacts on groundwater recharge using hydrological modeling in the Choushui river alluvial fan, Taiwan. Water (Basel). 2024;16(3):1–21. doi:10.3390/w16030419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh C-H, Labadie John W. Multiobjective watershed-level planning of storm water detention systems. J Water Resour Plann Manage. 1997;123(6):336–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutzner L, et al. Urban stormwater capture for water supply: look out for persistent, mobile and toxic substances. Environ Sci: Water Res Technol. 2023;9(12):3094–3102.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. Review of trace organic chemicals in urban stormwater: concentrations, distributions, risks, and drivers. Water Res. 2024;258:121782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philp M, et al. Review of stormwater harvesting practices. Urban Water Secur Res Alliance Techn Rep. 2008;9:1–131.
   Google Scholar
• Schang C, et al. Rainwater for residential hot water supply: managing microbial risks. Sci Total Environ. 2021;782:146889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page D, et al. Stormwater managed aquifer recharge risk-based management plan, Parafield stormwater harvesting system, stormwater supply to the Mawson lakes recycled water scheme, industrial uses and public open space irrigation. Goyder Inst Water Res Techn Rep. 2013;13:18.
   Google Scholar
• Alam IA, Sadiq M. Metal contamination of drinking water from corrosion of distribution pipes. Environ Pollut. 1989;57(2):167–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camper AK, et al. Growth kinetics of coliform bacteria under conditions relevant to drinking water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991;57(8):2233–2239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkez B, et al. Smarter stormwater systems. Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50(14):7267–7273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Z, et al. Sweating the assets – The role of instrumentation, control and automation in urban water systems. Water Res. 2019;155:381–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, et al. Pollutant removal performance of field scale dual-mode biofilters for stormwater, greywater, and groundwater treatment. Ecol Eng. 2021;163:106192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symes P. Guiding landscape transition for climatic change: planning in the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Australia. VI International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture 1189; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Blecken G-T, et al. Stormwater control measure (SCM) maintenance considerations to ensure designed functionality. Urban Water J. 2017;14(3):278–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng W, Liu Y, Gao L. Stormwater treatment for reuse: current practice and future development – A review. J Environ Manag. 2022;301:1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altami Sulaiman A, Salman B. Implementation of IoT-based sensor systems for smart stormwater management. J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract. 2022;13(3):05022004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar