Partial Independence Beats Full Independence

REFERENCES

• Ackrén M. (2009) Conditions for Different Autonomy Regimes in the World: A Fuzzy-Set Application. Åbo Akademi University Press, Åbo.
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich R. and Connell J. (1992) France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et Territories d'Outre-Mer. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich R. and Connell J. (1998) The Last Colonies. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson B. (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, London.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson L. D. (2012) Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity. Routledge, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Antoine R. B. (2008) Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems, 2nd Edn. Routledge-Cavendish, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Archer C. and Joenniemi P. (Eds) (2003) The Nordic Peace. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong H. W. and Read R. (2000) Comparing the economic performance of dependent territories and sovereign micro-states, Economic Development and Cultural Change 48[2], 285–306. doi: 10.1086/452459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldacchino G. (2010) Island Enclaves: Offshoring Strategies, Creative Governance, and Subnational Island Jurisdictions. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, QC.
   Google Scholar
• Baldacchino G. and Milne D. (Eds) (2008) The Case for Non-sovereignty: Lessons from Sub-national Island Jurisdictions. Routledge, London.
   Google Scholar
• Bank for International Settlements (2011) (available at: http://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm) (accessed September 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Barendt E. (1998) An Introduction to Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Barkin S. and Cronin B. (1994) The state and the nation: changing norms and the rules of sovereignty in international relations, International Organization 48[1], 107–130. doi: 10.1017/S0020818300000837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanor V. (1999) Devolution in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Bull H. (1977) The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Macmillan, London and Basingstoke.
   Google Scholar
• Cederman L. and Girardin L. (2007) Beyond fractionalization: mapping ethnicity onto nationalist insurgencies, American Political Science Review 101[1], 173–185. doi: 10.1017/S0003055407070086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederman L., Min B. and Wimmer A. (2009) Ethnic Armed Conflict dataset. hdl:1902.1/11797 (available at: http://dvn.iq.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/epr) (accessed on 10 December 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Chinese Ministry of Commerce (2009) FDI statistics: invest in China (available at: http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI_EN/Statistics/FDIStatistics/default.htm) (accessed on September 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Commission on Weak States and US National Security (2004) On the Brink: Weak States and US National Security. Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Constitution of France (1958) (available at: http://www.concourt.am/wwconst/constit/france/france-e.htm) (accessed on 15 May 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Cooley A. (2005) Logics of Hierarchy: The Organization of Empires, States, and Military Occupations. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Cooley A. (2008) Base Politics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Cooley A. and Spruyt H. (2009) Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Coppieters B. (2001) Federalism and Conflict in the Caucasus. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford J. (1979) The Creation of States in International Law. Oxford University Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Deibert R. (1997) Exorcismus theoriae: pragmatism, metaphors and the return of the medieval in IR theory, European Journal of International Relations 3[2], 167–192. doi: 10.1177/1354066197003002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deudney D. H. (1995) The Philadelphian system: sovereignty, arms control, and balance of power in the American States-Union, circa 1787–1861, International Organization 49, 191–228. doi: 10.1017/S002081830002837X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinstein Y. (Ed) (1981) Models of Autonomy. Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ
   Google Scholar
• Doyle M. W. (1997) Ways of War and Peace. W. W. Norton and Company, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Economist Online (2011). The Red and the Black: Where Federal Taxes Are Raised and Spent (available at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/08/americas-fiscal-union) (accessed on 3 January 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Elazar D. (1994) Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal, and Autonomy Arrangements. Longman, Harlow.
   Google Scholar
• Elazar D. (1997) Contrasting unitary and federal systems, International Political Science Review 18[3], 237–251. doi: 10.1177/019251297018003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission (2011) Eurostat (available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/regional_statistics/data/database) (accessed on August 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Fearon J. D. (1995) Rationalist explanations for war, International Organization 49[3], 379–414. doi: 10.1017/S0020818300033324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foot M. (2009) Final Report of the Independent Review of British Offshore Financial Centres (available at: http://www.ifcfeed.com/documents/Final%20report%20of%20the%20independent%20review%20of%20British%20offshore%20financial%20centres.pdf) (accessed on November 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Fund for Peace (2012) Fragile States Index 2012 (available at: http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/library/cfsir1210-failedstatesindex2012-06p.pdf.) (accessed on January 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Gellner E. (1983) Nations and Nationalism. Blackwell, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ghai Y. (2000) Autonomy as a strategy for diffusing conflict, in Druckman D. and Stern P. C. (Eds) International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War, pp. 483–530. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Giles C., Parker G. and Tett G. (2009) G20 leaders accused over toxic assets. Financial Times.com. 1 April.
   Google Scholar
• Gleditsch N. P., et al. (2002) UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset Version 4-2008 (available at: http://www.prio.no/CSCW/Datasets/Armed-Conflict/UCDP-PRIO/Armed-Conflicts-Version-4-2008/) (accessed on December 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Hannum H. (1990). Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights, Rvd. Edn. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Hannum H. and Lillich R. B. (1980) The concept of autonomy in international law, The American Journal of International Law 74, 858–889. doi: 10.2307/2201026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin R. (1995) One for All, The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Hechter M. (2000) Containing Nationalism. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Herz J. (1957) Rise and demise of the territorial state, World Politics 9[2], 473–493. doi: 10.2307/2009421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herz J. (1968) The territorial state revisited—reflections on the future of the nation-state, Polity 1[1], 11–24. doi: 10.2307/3233974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho D., Imai K., King G. and Stuart E. (2007) Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for reducing model dependence in parametric causal inference, Political Analysis 15[3], 199–236. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpl013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights in China (2007) China: Minority Exclusion, Marginalization and Rising Tensions (available at: http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGChinaReport.pdf) (accessed on 2 May 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Iacus S. M., King G. and Porro G. (2008) Matching for Causal Inference Without Balance Checking (available at: http://www.polmeth.wustl.edu/media/Paper/cem.pdf) (accessed on January 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Iacus S. M., King G. and Porro G. (2012) Causal inference without balance checking: coarsened exact matching, Political Analysis 20, 1–24. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpr013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Italian National Institute of Statistics (2011) (available at: http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20091015_00/) (accessed on August 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Jakobson L. (2005) A greater Chinese union, The Washington Quarterly 28[3], 27–39. doi: 10.1162/0163660054026443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffmann D., Kray A. and Mastruzzi M. (2011) Worldwide Governance Indicators (WDI), Washington DC: World Bank. (available at: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp) (accessed on July 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Kendle J. (1989) Ireland and the Federal Solution: The Debate over the United Kingdom Constitution, 1870–1921. McGill-Queen's University Press, Kingston and Montreal.
   Google Scholar
• King C. (2001) The benefits of ethnic war: understanding eurasia's unrecognized states, World Politics. 53[July], 524–552. doi: 10.1353/wp.2001.0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King G., Keohane R. O. and Verba S. (1994) Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Korn M. (1991) Free association: political integration as a trade-off, in Elazar Daniel J. (Ed.) Constitutional Design and Power-Sharing in the Post-Modern Epoch, pp. 185–217. University Press of America, Lanham.
   Google Scholar
• Krasner S. D. (1991) Global communications and national power: life on the pareto frontier, World Politics 43[April], 336–366. doi: 10.2307/2010398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake D. A. (1996) Anarchy, hierarchy and the variety of international relations, International Organization 50[1], 1–33. doi: 10.1017/S002081830000165X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake D. A. (2009) Hierarchy in International Relations. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Lake D. A. and Rothchild D. (1996) Containing fear: the origins and management of ethnic conflict, International Security 21[2], 41–75. doi: 10.1162/isec.21.2.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapidoth R. (1997) Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts. United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Leibowitz A. H. (1989) Defining Status: A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Lipschutz R. (1992) Reconstructing world politics: the emergence of global civil society, Millennium, Journal of International Studies 21[3], 389–420. doi: 10.1177/03058298920210031001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke J. (1690/1980) Second Treatise of Government. Hackett, Indianapolis, IN.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall G. (1984) Constitutional Conventions: The Rules and Forms of Political Accountability. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Martel G. (1993) Afterword: the imperial contract – an ethology of power, in Hamish Ion A. and Errington E. J. (Eds) Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power. Praeger, Westport, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Mautner M. (1980) The west bank and Gaza: the case for associate statehood, Yale Studies in World Public Order 6, 297–305.
   Google Scholar
• Mcelroy J. L. and Hahoney M. (2000) The propensity for political dependence in Island microstates, Insula: International Journal of Island Affairs 9[1], 32–35.
   Google Scholar
• Mcgarry J. (2007) Asymmetry in federations, federacies and unitary states, Ethnopolitics 6[1], 105–116. doi: 10.1080/17449050701232983
   Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer J. (1995) A realist reply, International Security 20[1], 82–93. doi: 10.2307/2539218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merom G. (2003) Realist hypotheses on regional peace, Journal of Strategic Studies 26[1], 109–135. doi: 10.1080/01402390308559310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933) Done at Montevideo December 26, 1933; entered into force December 26, 1934, Reprinted in The American Journal of International Law (Supp.) 28, 75, 26 December.
   Google Scholar
• Motyl A. J. (1999) Why empires reemerge: imperial collapse and imperial revival in comparative perspective, Comparative Politics 31[2], 127–145. doi: 10.2307/422141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'leary B. (2005) Power sharing, pluralist federation, and federacy, in O'Leary B., McGarry J. and Salih K. (Eds) The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, pp. 47–88. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• O'leary B. (2013) Powersharing: an advocate's introduction, in McEvoy J. and O'Leary B. (Eds) Powersharing in Deeply Divided Places, pp. 1–66. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Peattie M. R. (1984) Introduction, in Myers R. H. and Peattie M. R. (Eds) The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945, pp. 3–60. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Philippines, National Statistical Coordination Board (2011) (available at: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/grdp/2008/2008concap.asp) (accessed on March 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Poirine B. (1999) A theory of aid as trade with special reference to small Islands, Economic Development and Cultural Change 47[4], 831–852. doi: 10.1086/452434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchett L. (1997) Divergence, big time, Journal of Economic Perspectives 11[3], 3–17. doi: 10.1257/jep.11.3.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector C. (2009) Federations: The Political Dynamics of Cooperation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Rezvani D. A. (2007) The basis of Puerto Rico's constitutional status: colony, compact, or ‘federacy’? Political Science Quarterly 122[1], 115–140. doi: 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2007.tb00594.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezvani D. A. (2012) Dead autonomy, a thousand cuts, or partial independence? The autonomous status of Hong Kong, Journal of Contemporary Asia 42[1], 93–122. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2012.634645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezvani D. A. (2014) Surpassing the Sovereign State: The Wealth, Self-Rule, and Security Advantages of Partially Independent Territories. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Rice S. E. (2003) The new national security strategy: focus on failed states, Brookings Policy Brief 116 [February], 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Riker W. H. (1975) Federalism, in Greenstein F. I. and Polsby N. W. (Eds) Handbook of Political Science, Volume 5: Governmental Institutions and Processes, pp. 93–172. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Roeder P. G. (2007) Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg R. (2004–05) Strengthening governance: ranking states would help, The Washington Quarterly 28[1], 71–81. doi: 10.1162/0163660042518215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothchild D. and Hartzell C. A. (2000) Security in deeply divided societies: the role of territorial autonomy, in Safran W. and Máiz R. (Eds) Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies, pp. 254–271. Frank Cass Publishers, London.
   Google Scholar
• Safran W. and Máiz R. (Eds) (2000) Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies. Frank Cass Publishers, London.
   Google Scholar
• Sharman J. (2006) Havens in a Storm: The Struggle for Global Tax Regulation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Smith A. (1776/1904) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Sohn L. (1980) The concept of autonomy in international law and the practice of the United Nations, Israel Law Review 15, 58–68. doi: 10.1017/S0021223700006609
   Google Scholar
• Spruyt H. (1994) The Sovereign State and its Competitors. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Spruyt H. (2005) Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Stepan A. C. (2013) A revised theory of federacy and a case study of civil war termination in Aceh, Indonesia, in Mcevoy J. and O'Leary B. (Eds) Powersharing in Deeply Divided Places, pp. 231–252. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Stepan A., Linz J. J. and Yadav Y. (2010) Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens M. R. (1977) Asymmetrical federalism: the federal principle and the survival of the small republic, Publius, The Journal of Federalism 7[4], 117–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiglitz J. (2006) Making Globalization Work. WW Norton & Co, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Suksi M. (Ed) (1998) Autonomy: Applications and Implications. Kluwer Law International, The Hague.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson J. E. and Krasner S. D. (1989) Global transactions and the consolidation of sovereignty, in Czempiel E.-O. and Rosenau James N. (Eds) Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges, pp. 195–219. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Tiebout C. (1956) A pure theory of local expenditures, Journal of Political Economy 64[5], 416–424. doi: 10.1086/257839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilly C. (1990) Coercion, Capital, and European States: AD 990–1990. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Tkacik M. (2008) Characteristics of forms of autonomy, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15[2–3], 369–401. doi: 10.1163/157181108X332668
   Google Scholar
• Tsebelis G. (1999) Veto players and law production in parliamentary democracies: an empirical analysis, The American Political Science Review 93[3], 591–608. doi: 10.2307/2585576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK, Office for UK National Statistics (2011) (available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html) (accessed on March 2013).
   Google Scholar
• UK, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (1999) Memorandum of Understanding and Supplementary Agreements between the United Kingdom Government, Scottish Ministers, the Cabinet of the National Assembly for Wales. Cm 4444 (available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/1999/10/MofU) (accessed on March 2010).
   Google Scholar
• UK, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1999) Partnership for Progress and Prosperity Britain and the Overseas Territories (available at: http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080205132101/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1018028164839) (accessed on August 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Ukraine, State Statistic Service of Ukraine (2011) (available at: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/) (accessed on March 2013).
   Google Scholar
• UN, General Assembly (1960) Resolution 1541 (XV) GAOR, 15th Session, Supp. No. 16 U.N. Doc. A/4684.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Statistics Division 2009. (available at: data.un.org) (accessed on 12 July 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Vernon R. (1971) Sovereignty at Bay. Basic Books, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Watts R. L. (1996) Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990's. Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Weingast B. (1995) The economic role of political institutions: market preserving federalism and economic growth, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 11[1], 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller M. and Wolff S. (Eds) (2005) Autonomy, Self-governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies. Routledge, London and New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Wheare K. C. (1949) The Statute of Westminster and Dominion Status, 4th Edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Wheare K. C. (1956) Federal Government, 3rd Edn. Oxford University Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Wight M. (1952) British Colonial Constitutions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Winetrobe B. K. (2001) Counter-Devolution? The Sewel convention on devolved legislation at Westminster, Scottish Law & Practice Quarterly 6, 286–292.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank National Accounts Data, and Oecd National Accounts Data Files (2011) (available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD) (accessed on July 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Worldstatesmen.org (2011) (available at: http://www.worldstatesmen.org/) (accessed on January 2011).
   Google Scholar