411
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Effort Testing in Children: Can Cognitive and Symptom Validity Measures Differentiate Malingered Performances?

, , , &

REFERENCES

  • American Psychological Association . ( 2002 ). Ethical principles of psychologists and codes of conduct , American Psychologist , 47 , 1060 – 1073 . doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.12.1060
  • Army Individual Test Battery . ( 1944 ). Manual of directions and scoring . War Department, Adjutant General's Office , Washington , DC
  • Blaskewitz , N. , Merten , T. , & Kathmann , N. ( 2008 ). Performance of children on symptom validity tests: TOMM, MSVT, and FIT , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 23 , 379 – 391 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2008.01.008
  • Brooks , B. L. , Sherman , E. S. , & Krol , A. L. ( 2012 ). Utility of TOMM Trial 1 as an indicator of effort in children and adolescents , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 27 , 23 – 29 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acr086
  • Constantinou , M. , & McCaffrey , R. J. ( 2003 ). Using the TOMM for evaluating children's effort to perform optimally on neuropsychological measures , Child Neuropsychology , 9 , 81 – 90 . doi: 10.1076/chin.9.2.81.14505
  • Courtney , J. C. , Dinkins , J. P. , Allen , L. M. , & Kuroski , K. ( 2003 ). Age related effects in children taking the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias and Word Memory Test , Child Neuropsychology , 9 , 109 – 116 . doi: 10.1076/chin.9.2.109.14507
  • Donders , J. ( 2005 ). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering in a mixed pediatric sample , Child Neuropsychology , 11 , 221 – 227 . doi: 10.1080/09297040490917298
  • Faust , D. , Hart , K. , Guilmette , T. J. , & Arkes , H. R. ( 1988 ). Neuropsychologists’ capacity to detect adolescent malingerers , Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 19 , 508 – 515 . doi: 10.1037//0735-7028.19.5.508
  • Flaro , L. , & Boone , K. ( 2009 ). Using objective effort measures to detect noncredible cognitive test performance in children and adolescents . In J. E. Morgan , & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 369 – 376 ). Psychology Press , New York , NY .
  • Gast , J. , & Hart , K. J. ( 2010 ). The performance of juvenile offenders on the Test of Memory Malingering , Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice , 10 , 53 – 68 . doi: 10.1080/15228930903173062
  • Gunn , D. , Batchelor , J. , & Jones , M. ( 2010 ). Detection of simulated memory impairment in 6-to 11-year-old children , Child Neuropsychology , 16 , 105 – 118 . doi: 10.1080/09297040903352564
  • Halstead , W. C. (1947). Brain and intelligence . University of Chicago Press , Chicago , IL.
  • Heaton , R. K. , Smith , H. H. Jr. , Lehman , R. A. , & Vogt , A. J. ( 1978 ). Prospects for faking believable deficits on neuropsychological testing , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 46 , 892 – 900 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.46.5.892
  • Hurley , K. E. , Deal , W. P. , & Taylor , S. J. ( 2006 ). Assessment instruments measuring malingering used with individuals who have mental retardation: Potential problems and issues , Mental Retardation , 44 , 112 – 119 . doi: 10.1352/0047-6765(2006)44[112:AIMMUW]2.0.CO;2
  • Irwin-Chase , H. , & Burns , B. ( 2000 ). Developmental changes in children's ability to share and allocate attention in a dual task , Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 77 , 61 – 85 . doi: 10.1006/jecp.1999.2557
  • Kaufman , A. S. , & Kaufman , N. L. ( 2004 ). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-Second Edition (KBIT-2) . American Guidance Service , Circle Pines , MN .
  • Kirk , J. W. , Harris , B. , Hutaff-Lee , C. F. , Koelemay , S. W. , Dinkins , J. P. , & Kirkwood , M. W. ( 2011 ). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) among a large clinic-referred pediatric sample , Child Neuropsychology , 17 , 242 – 254 . doi: 10.1080/09297049.2010.533166
  • Kirkwood , M. W. , Connery , A. K. , Kirk , J. W. , & Baker , D. A. ( 2013 ). Detecting performance invalidity in children: Not quite as easy as A, B, C, 1, 2, 3 but automatized sequences appears promising. Child Neuropsychology . doi: 10.1080/09297049.2012.759553
  • Kirkwood , M. W. , Hargrave , D. D. , & Kirk , J. W. ( 2011 ). The value of the WISC-IV Digit Span subtest in detecting noncredible performance during pediatric neuropsychological examinations , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 26 , 377 – 384 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acr040
  • Kirkwood , M. W. , Kirk , J. W. , Blaha , R. Z. , & Wilson , P. E. ( 2010 ). Noncredible effort during pediatric neuropsychological exam: A case series and literature review , Child Neuropsychology , 16 , 604 – 618 . doi: 10.1080/09297049.2010.495059
  • Larrabee , G. J. ( 2003 ). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests , The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 , 410 – 425 . doi: 10.1076/clin.17.3.410.18089
  • Loughan , A. R. , Perna , R. , & Hertza , J. ( 2012 ). The value of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition Digit Span as an embedded measure of effort: An investigation into children with dual diagnoses , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 27 , 716 – 724 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acs072
  • MacAllister , W. S. , Nakhutina , L. , Bender , H. A. , Karantzoulis , S. , & Carlson , C. ( 2009 ). Assessing effort during neuropsychological evaluation with the TOMM in children and adolescents with epilepsy , Child Neuropsychology , 15 , 521 – 531 . doi: 10.1080/09297040902748226
  • Mittenberg , W. , Azrin , R. , Millsaps , C. , & Heilbronner , R. ( 1993 ). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised , Psychological Assessment , 5 , 34 – 40 . doi: 10.1037//1040-3590.5.1.34
  • Mittenberg , W. , Rotholic , A. , Russell , E. , & Heilbronner , R. ( 1996 ). Identification of malingered head injury on the Halstead-Reitan Battery . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 11 , 271 – 281 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/11.4.271
  • Nagle , A. M. , Everhart , D. E. , Durham , T. W. , McCammon , S. L. , & Walker , M. ( 2006 ). Deception strategies in children: Examination of forced choice recognition and verbal learning and memory techniques , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 , 777 – 785 . doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2006.06.011
  • Newton , P. , Reddy , V. , & Bull , R. ( 2000 ). Children's everyday deception and performance on false-belief tasks , British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 18 , 297 – 317 . doi: 10.1348/026151000165706
  • Perna , R. B. , & Loughan , A. R. ( 2012 ). Children and the Test of Memory Malingering: Is one trial enough? , Child Neuropsychology , 19 , 438 – 447 . doi: 10.1080/09297049.2012.731500
  • Polak , A. , & Harris , P. L. ( 1999 ). Deception by young children following noncompliance , Developmental Psychology , 35 , 561 – 568 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.561
  • The Psychological Corporation . ( 1999 ). Manual for the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence . Author , San Antonio , TX .
  • Rey , A. ( 1941 ). L'examen clinique en psychologie [The psychological examination in cases of traumatic encepholopathy. Problems] . Presses Universitaires de France , Paris , France .
  • Rienstra , A. A. , Spaan , P. J. , & Schmand , B. B. ( 2010 ). Validation of symptom validity tests using a ‘child-model’ of adult cognitive impairments , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 25 , 371 – 382 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acq035
  • Ruffman , T. , Olson , D. R. , Ash , T. , & Keenan , T. ( 1993 ). The ABCs of deception: Do young children understand deception in the same way as adults? , Developmental Psychology , 29 , 74 – 87 . doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.29.1.74
  • Ruiz , M. , Drake , E. , Glass , A. , Marcotte , D. , & van Gorp , W. ( 2002 ). Trying to beat the system: Misuse of the Internet to assist in avoiding the detection of psychological symptom dissimulation , Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 33 , 294 – 299 . doi: 10.1037//0735-7028.33.3.294
  • Sodian , D. , Taylor , C. , Harris , P. L. , & Perner , J. ( 1991 ). Early deception and the children theory of mind: False traits and genuine markers , Child Development , 62 , 468 – 483 . doi: 10.2307/1131124
  • Spreen , O. , & Strauss , E. ( 1988 ). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press , New York , NY
  • Suhr , J. A. , & Boyer , D. ( 1999 ). Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of malingering in student simulator and patient samples , Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 , 701 – 708 . doi: 10.1076/jcen.21.5.701.868
  • Tombaugh , T. N. ( 1996 ). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) . Multi-Health Systems , North Tonawanda , NY .
  • Welsh , A. J. , Bender , H. A. , Whitman , L. A. , Vasserman , M. , & MacAllister , W. S. ( 2012 ). Clinical utility of reliable digit span in assessing effort in children and adolescents with epilepsy , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 27 , 735 – 741 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/acs063
  • Youngjohn , J. R. , Lees-Haley , P. R. , & Binder , L. M. ( 1999 ). Comment: Warning malingerers produces more sophisticated malingering , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 , 511 – 515 . doi: 10.1093/arclin/14.6.511

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.