Examining Neurocognitive Function in Previously Concussed Interscholastic Female Soccer Players

REFERENCES

• Baugh, C., Stamm, J., Riley, D., Gavett, B., Shenton, M., Lin, A., & Stern, R. (2012). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 6, 244–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broglio, S. P., Eckner, J. T., Paulson, H. L., & Kutcher, J. S. (2012). Cognitive decline and aging: The role of concussive and subconcussive impacts. Exercise and Sport Sciences Review, 40, 138–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broglio, S. P., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2009). Concussion in sports: The sideline assessment. Sports Health, 1, 361–369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broshek, D., Kaushik, T., Freeman, J., Erlanger, D., Webbe, F., & Barth, J. (2005). Sex differences in outcome following sports-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery, 102, 856–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coldren, R., Russell, M., Parish, R., Dretsch, M., & Kelly, M. (2012). The ANAM lacks utility as a diagnostic or screening tool for concussion more than 10 days following injury. Military Medicine, 177, 179–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, W., Arrieux, J., Schwab, K., Ivins, B., Qashu, F., & Lewis, S. (2013). Test–retest reliability of four computerized neurocognitive assessment tools in an active duty military population. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28, 732–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin, A., Mullen, J., Lovell, M., West, R., Collins, M., & Groh, M. (2009). The role of concussion history and gender in recovery from soccer-related concussion. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 1699–1704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Elbin, R. J., Harris, W., Parker, T., & Kontos, A. (2012). The role of age and sex in symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and postural stability in athletes after concussion. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 1303–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin, T., Elbin, R., Kontos, A., & Larson, E. (2010). Investigating baseline neurocognitive performance between male and female athletes with a history of multiple concussion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 81, 597–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dashnaw, M. L., Petraglia, A. L., & Bailes, J. E. (2012). An overview of the basic science of concussion and subconcussion: Where we are and where we are going. Neurosurgical Focus, 33(6), e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney, S., Lacroix, V., Leclerc, S., & Johnston, K. (2002). Concussion among university football and soccer players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 12, 331–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doolan, A. W., Day, D. D., Maerlender, A. C., Goforth, M., & Brolinson, P. G. (2012). A review of return to play issues and sports-related concussion. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 40, 106–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giza, C., & Hovda, D. (2001). The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 36, 228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J. W., Cumsille, P. E., & Elek-Fisk, E. (2003). Methods for handling missing data. In I. B. Weiner (Series Ed.) & J. A. Schinka & W. F. Velicer (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Vol. 2. Research methods in psychology (pp. 87–114). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, J. W., & Schafer, J. L. (1999). On the performance of multiple imputation for multivariate data with small sample size. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical strategies for small sample research (pp. 1–29). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, R. M., Gwin, J. T., Chu, J. J., & Crisco, J. J. (2008). Head impact severity measures for evaluating mild traumatic brain injury risk exposure. Neurosurgery, 62, 789–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guskiewicz, K. M., McCrea, M., Marshall, S., Cantu, R., Randolph, C., Barr, W., & Kelly, J. (2003). Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 2549–2555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gysland, S. M., Mihalik, J. P., Register-Mihalik, J. K., Trulock, S. C., Shields, E. W., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2012). The relationship between subconcussive impacts and concussion history on clinical measures of neurologic function in collegiate football players. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 40, 14–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeličić, H., Phelps, E., & Lerner, R. M. (2009). Use of missing data methods in longitudinal studies: The persistence of bad practices in developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1195–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminski, T. W., Cousino, E. S., & Glutting, J. J. (2008). Examining the relationship between purposeful heading in soccer and computerized neuropsychological test performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 235–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminski, T. W., Groff, R. M., & Glutting, J. J. (2009). Examining the stability of Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric (ANAM) baseline test scores. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 689–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana, V. G., & Kaye, A. H. (2012). An overview of concussion in sport. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 19, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkendall, D., & Garrett, W. (2001). Heading in soccer: Integral skill or grounds for cognitive dysfunction? Journal of Athletic Training, 36, 328–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koerte, I., Ertl-Wagner, B., Reiser, M., & Shenton, M. (2012). White matter integrity in the brains of professional soccer players without a symptomatic concussion. Journal of the American Medical Association, 308, 1859–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlois, J. A., Rutland-Brown, W., & Wald, M. M. (2006). The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21, 375–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton, M. L., Kim, N., Zimmerman, M. E., Stewart, W. F., Branch, C. A., & Lipton, R. B. (2013). Soccer heading is associated with white matter microstructural and cognitive abnormalities. Radiology, 268, 850–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley–Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• Lovell, M., Iverson, G., Collins, M., Podell, K., Johnston, K., Pardini, D., & Maroon, J. (2006). Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: Reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 13, 166–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matser, J. T., Kessels, A. G. H., Jordan, B. D., Lezak, M. D., & Troost, J. (1998). Chronic traumatic brain injury in professional soccer players. Neurology, 51, 791–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matser, J., Kessels, A. G. H., Lezak, M. D., & Troost, J. (2001). A dose–response relation of headers and concussions with cognitive impairment in professional soccer players. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 770–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, P., Ariens, M., & Berkovic, S. (2000). The nature and duration of acute concussive symptoms in Australian football. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 10, 235–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., … Stern, R. A. (2009). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 68, 709–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. R., Adamson, G. J., Pink, M. M., & Sweet, J. C. (2007). Comparison of preseason, midseason, and postseason neurocognitive scores in uninjured collegiate football players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35, 1284–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naunheim, R., Standeven, J., Richter, C., & Lewis, L. (2000). Comparison of impact data in hockey, football, and soccer. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 48, 938–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellman, E. J., Viano, D. C., Tucker, A. M., Casson, I. R., & Waeckerle, J. F. (2003). Concussion in professional football: Reconstruction of game impacts and injuries. Neurosurgery, 53, 799–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph, C., McCrea, M., & Barr, W. B. (2005). Is neuropsychological testing useful in the management of sport-related concussion? Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 139–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, D., Winter, K., Culligan, K., LaCour, S., Raynsford, K., Elsmore, T., … Bleiberg, J. (2001). Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM 2001). Pensacola, FL: Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command.
   Google Scholar
• Rimel, R., Giordani, B., Barth, J., Boll, T., & Jane, J. (1981). Disability caused by minor head injury. Neurosurgery, 9, 221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford, W. H., Merrett, J. D., & McDonald, J. R. (1979). Symptoms at one year following concussion from minor head injuries. Injury, 10, 225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data (Chapman & Hall Series Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability Book No. 72). London, England: Chapman & Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, J. L. (2009). The multiple imputation FAQ page. Retrieved from http://www.stat.psu.edu/~jls/mifaq.html#create
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, J. L., & Olsen, M. K. (1998). Multiple imputation for multivariate missing-data problems: A data analyst's perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33, 545–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, J. D., Register-Mihalik, J. K., Mihalik, J. P., Kerr, Z. Y., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2012). Identifying impairments after concussion: Normative data versus individualized baselines. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44, 1621–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, M., Marshall, S., Mueller, F., Yang, J., Weaver, N., Kalsbeek, W., & Bowling, J. (2004). Incidence and risk factors for concussion in high school athletes, North Carolina, 1996–1999. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160, 937–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiotta, A. M., Bartsch, A. J., & Benzel, E. C. (2012). Heading in soccer: Dangerous play? Neurosurgery, 70, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurman, D., Branche, C., & Sniezek, J. (1998). The epidemiology of sports-related traumatic brain injuries in the United States: Recent developments. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 13, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tierney, R., Sitler, M., Swanik, C., Swanik, K., Higgins, M., & Torg, J. (2005). Gender differences in head–neck segment dynamic stabilization during head acceleration. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37, 272–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysvaer, A., & Lochen, E. (1991). Soccer injuries to the brain: A neuropsychologic study of former players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 56–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemper, E. D. (2003). Two-year prospective study of relative risk of a second cerebral concussion. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 82, 653–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar