Large-Scale Brain Systems and Subcortical Relationships: The Vertically Organized Brain

REFERENCES

• Alexander , G. E. , DeLong , M. R. , & Strick , P. L. ( 1986 ). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 9 , 357 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen , N. C. , & Pierson , R. ( 2008 ). The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry , 64 , 81 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsalidou , M. , Duerden , E. G. , & Taylor , M. J. ( 2013 ). The centre of the brain: Topographical model of motor, cognitive, affective, and somatosensory functions of the basal ganglia . Human Brain Mapping , 34 , 3031 – 3054 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby , F. G. , & Crossley , M. J. ( 2012 ). Automaticity and multiple memory systems . WIREs Cognitive Science , 3 , 363 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby , F. G. , & Ennis , J. M. ( 2006 ). The role of the basal ganglia in category learning . In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 46 , pp. 1 – 36 ). New York , NY : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Bachevalier , J. , Malkova , L. , & Beauregard , M. ( 1996 ). Multiple memory systems: A neuropsychological and developmental perspective . In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 185–198) . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Balsters , J. H. , & Ramnani , N. ( 2008 ). Symbolic representations of action in the human cerebellum . NeuroImage , 43 , 388 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banich , M. T. , & Compton , R. J. ( 2001 ). Cognitive neuroscience (3rd ed.). Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. ( 1997 ). The automaticity of everyday life . In R. S. Wyer , Jr. (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 10 , pp. 1 – 61 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. , & Chartrand , T. L. ( 1999 ). The unbearable automaticity of being . American Psychologist , 54 , 462 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore , S. J. , & Sirigu , A. ( 2003 ). Action prediction in the cerebellum and in the parietal lobe . Experimental Brain Research , 153 , 239 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner , R. L. , & Krienan , F. M. ( 2013 ). The evolution of distributed association networks in the human brain . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 17 , 648 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , A. , Giese , M. A. , Sultan , F. , Mueller , O. M. , Goericke , S. L. , Ilg , W. , & Timmann , D. ( 2014 ). An intact action–perception coupling depends on the integrity of the cerebellum . Journal of Neuroscience , 34 , 6707 – 6716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisek , P. , & Kalaska , J. F. ( 2010 ). Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 33 , 269 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockburn , J. , & Frank , M. J. ( 2011 ). Reinforcement learning, conflict monitoring and cognitive control: An integrative model of cingulated–striatal interactions and the ERN . In R. B. Mars , J. Sallet , M. F. S. Rushworth , & N. Yeung (Eds.), Neural basis for motivational and cognitive control (pp. 311 – 331 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Custers , R. , & Aarts , H. ( 2010 ). The unconscious will: How the pursuit of goals operates outside of conscious awareness . Science , 329 , 47 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dew , I. T. , & Cabeza , R. ( 2011 ). The porous boundaries between explicit and implicit memory: Behavioral and neural evidence . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1224 , 174 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divac , I. , & Öberg , R. G. E. ( 1992 ). Subcortical mechanisms in cognition . In G. Vallar , S. F. Capra , & C.-W. Wallesch (Eds.), Neuropsychological disorders associated with subcortical lesions (pp. 42 – 60 ). Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dolan , R. J. , & Dayan , P. ( 2013 ). Goals and habits in the brain . Neuron , 80 , 312 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll , B. B. , & Frank , M. J. ( 2009 ). The basal ganglia in reward and decision making: Computational models and empirical studies . In J. Dreher & L. Tremblay (Eds.), Handbook of reward and decision making (pp. 399 – 425 ). Oxford , UK : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Doya , K. ( 1999 ). What are the computations of the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex? Neural Networks , 12 , 961 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles , J. C. , Ito , M. , & Szenthagothai , J. ( 1967 ). The cerebellum as a neuronal machine . New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. S. B. T. ( 2008 ). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition . Annual Review of Psychology , 59 , 255 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea , J. M. , Vazquez , A. , Pasricha , N. , de Xivry , J. J. , & Celnik , P. ( 2011 ). Dissociating the roles of the cerebellum and motor cortex during adaptive learning: The motor cortex retains what the cerebellum learns . Cerebral Cortex , 21 , 1761 – 1770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghetti , S. , & Bunge , S. A. ( 2012 ). Neural changes underlying the development of episodic memory during middle childhood . Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience , 2 , 381 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber , S. N. ( 2011 ). Neural circuits of reward and decision making: Integrative networks across corticobasal ganglia loops . In R. B. Mars , J. Sallet , M. F. S. Rushworth , & N. Yeung (Eds.), Neural basis for motivational and cognitive control (pp. 21 – 36 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Houk , J. C. , Bastianen , C. , Fansler , D. , Fishbach , A. , Fraser , D. , Reber , P. J. , … Simo , L. S. ( 2007 ). Action selection and refinement in subcortical loops through basal ganglia and cerebellum . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: B. Biological Sciences , 362 , 1573 – 1583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houk , J. C. , & Mugnaini , E. ( 2003 ). Cerebellum . In L. R. Squire , F. E. Bloom , S. K. McConnel , J. L. Roberts , N. C. Spitzer , & M. J. Zigmond (Eds.), Fundamental neuroscience ( , 2nd ed. , pp. 841 – 872 ). New York , NY : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , L. T. , & Behrens , T. E. J. ( 2011 ). Frames of reference in human social decision making . In R. B. Mars , J. Sallet , M. F. S. Rushworth , & N. Yeung (Eds.), Neural basis for motivational and cognitive control (pp. 409 – 424 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hwang , K. , Hallquist , M. N. , & Luna , B. ( 2012 ). The development of hub architecture in the human functional brain network . Cerebral Cortex , 23 , 2380 – 2393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamizu , H. ( 2010 ). Prediction of sensorimotor feedback from the efference copy of motor commands: A review of behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies . Japanese Psychological Research , 52 , 107 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito , M. ( 1984 ). The cerebellum and neural control . New York , NY : Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Ito , M. ( 1997 ). Cerebellar microcomplexes . In J. D. Schmahmann (Ed.), The cerebellum and cognition (pp. 475 – 489 ). San Diego , CA : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Ito , M. ( 2005 ). Bases and implications of learning in the cerebellum—adaptive control and internal model mechanism . In C. I. DeZeeuw & F. Cicirata (Eds.), Creating coordination in the cerebellum (pp. 95–109) . Oxford , UK : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Ito , M. ( 2008 ). Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 9 , 304 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito , M. (2012). The cerebellum: Brain for an implicit self . Upper Saddle River , NJ : FT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koziol , L. F. ( 2014 ). The myth of executive functioning: Missing elements in conceptualization, evaluation, and assessment . New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Koziol , L. F. , & Budding , D. E. ( 2009 ). Subcortical structures and cognition: Implications for neuropsychological assessment . New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Koziol , L. F. , Budding , D. , Andreasen , N. , D'Arrigo , S. , Bulgheroni , S. , Imamizu , H. , … Yamazaki , T. ( 2013 ). Consensus paper: The cerebellum's role in movement and cognition . Cerebellum , 13 , 151 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziol , L. F. , Budding , D. E. , & Chidekel , D. ( 2010 ). Adaptation, expertise, and giftedness: Towards an understanding of cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar network contributions . Cerebellum , 9 , 499 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok , S. C. , Shallice , T. , & Macaluso , E. ( 2012 ). Functional anatomy of temporal organization and domain-specificity of episodic memory retrieval . Neuropsychologia , 50 , 2943 – 2955 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. , & Johnson , M. ( 1999 ). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought . New York , NY : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Lavenex , P. , & Lavenex , P. ( 2013 ). Building hippocampal circuits to learn and remember: Insights into the development of human memory . Behavioural Brain Research , 254 , 8 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohrenz , T. , McCabe , K. , Camerer , C. F. , & Montague , P. R. ( 2007 ). Neural signature of fictive learning signals in a sequential investment task . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 , 9493 – 9498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum , J. A. G. , Gelgec , C. , & Conti-Ramsden , G. ( 2010 ). Procedural and declarative memory in children with and without specific language impairment . International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders , 45 , 96 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon , V. ( 2013 ). Developmental pathways to functional brain networks: Emerging principles . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 17 , 627 – 640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , R. ( 2008 ). A theory of the basal ganglia and their disorders . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Molinari , M. , Restuccia , D. , & Leggio , M. G. ( 2009 ). State estimation, response prediction, and cerebellar sensory processing for behavioral control . Cerebellum , 8 , 399 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi , S. , Hikida , T. , & Yawata , S. ( 2014 ). Distinct dopaminergic control of the direct and indirect pathways in reward-based and avoidance learning behaviors . Neuroscience . doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.026
   Google Scholar
• Njiokiktjien , C. ( 2010 ). Developmental dyspraxias: Assessment and differential diagnosis . In D. Riva & C. Njiokiktjien (Eds.), Brain lesion localization and developmental functions (pp. 157 – 186 ). Montrouge , France : John Libbey Eurotext .
   Google Scholar
• Oberauer , K. , Souza , A. S. , Druey , M. D. , & Gade , M. ( 2013 ). Analogous mechanisms of selection and updating in declarative and procedural working memory: Experiments and a computational model . Cognitive Psychology , 66 , 157 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathman , T. , Larkina , M. , Burch , M. , & Bauer , P. J. ( 2013 ). Young children's memory for the times of personal past events . Journal of Cognitive Development , 14 , 120 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , E. J. , & Ashby , F. G. ( 2013 ). A neurocomputational theory of how explicit learning bootstraps early procedural learning . Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience , 7 , 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzulo , G. ( 2011 ). Grounding procedural and declarative knowledge in sensorimotor anticipation . Mind & Language , 26 , 78 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzulo , G. , & Dindo , H. ( 2011 ). What should I do next? Using shared representations to solve interaction problems . Experimental Brain Research , 211 , 613 – 630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzulo , G. , & Rigoli , F. ( 2011 ). The value of foresight: How prospection affects decision-making . Frontiers in Neuroscience , 5 , 79 . doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prince , S. E. , Tsukiura , T. , & Cabeza , R. ( 2007 ). Distinguishing the neural correlates of episodic memory encoding and semantic memory retrieval . Psychological Science , 18 , 144 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj , V. , & Bell , M. A. ( 2010 ). An examination of support processes contributing to episodic memory formation in childhood: The role of source memory, binding, and executive functioning . Developmental Review , 30 , 384 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redgrave , P. , Prescott , T. J. , & Gurney , K. ( 1999 ). The basal ganglia: A vertebrate solution to the selection problem? . Neuroscience , 89 ( 4 ), 1009 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restivo , L. , & Frankland , P. W. ( 2010 ). Shifting to automatic . Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience , 4 . doi: 10.3389/neuro.07.001.2010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ribordy , F. , Jabes , A. , Banta Lavenex , P. , & Lavenex , P. ( 2013 ). Development of allocentric spatial memory abilities in children from 18 months to 5 years of age . Cognitive Psychology , 66 , 1 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saling , L. L. , & Phillips , J. G. ( 2007 ). Automatic behaviour: Efficient not mindless . Brain Research Bulletin , 73 , 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahmann , J. D. ( 1996a ). Dysmetria of thought: Correlations and conundrums in the relationship between the cerebellum, learning, and cognitive processing . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 19 , 472 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmahmann , J. D. ( 1996b ). From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing . Human Brain Mapping , 4 , 174 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahmann , J. D. ( 2001 ). The cerebrocerebellar system: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar contribution to cognition and emotion . International Review of Psychiatry , 13 , 247 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahmann , J. D. , & Sherman , J. C. ( 1998 ). The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome . Brain , 121 , 561 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahmann , J. D. , Weilburg , J. B. , & Sherman , J. C. ( 2007 ). The neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum—insights from the clinic . Cerebellum , 6 , 254 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seger , C. A. ( 2006 ). The basal ganglia in human learning . The Neuroscientist , 12 , 285 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seger , C. A. ( 2008 ). How do the basal ganglia contribute to categorization? Their roles in generalization, response selection, and learning via feedback . Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review , 32 , 265 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seger , C. A. ( 2009 ). The involvement of corticostriatal loops in learning across tasks, species, and methodologies . In H. J. Groenewegen , P. Voorn , H. W. Berensdse , A. G. Mulder , & A. R. Cools (Eds.), The basal ganglia IX (Vol. 58 , pp. 25 – 39 ). Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Seger , C. A. , & Cincotta , C. M. ( 2005 ). The roles of the caudate nucleus in human classification learning . Journal of Neuroscience , 25 , 2941 – 2951 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seger , C. A. , & Cincotta , C. M. ( 2006 ). Dynamics of frontal, striatal, and hippocampal systems during rule learning . Cerebral Cortex , 16 , 1546 – 1555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadmehr , R. ( 2010 ). Control of movements and temporal discounting of reward . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 20 ( 6 ), 726 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadmehr , R. , Smith , M. A. , & Krakauer , J. W. ( 2010 ). Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 33 , 89 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smaers , J. B. , Steele , J. , Case , C. R. , & Amunts , K. ( 2013 ). Laterality and the evolution of the prefronto-cerebellar system in anthropoids . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1288 , 59 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smaers , J. B. , Steele , J. , & Zilles , K. ( 2011 ). Modeling the evolution of cortico-cerebellar systems in primates . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1225 , 176 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire , L. R. ( 1987 ). Memory and brain . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steiner , H. , & Tseng , K. (2010). Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function . London , England : Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Stoodley , C. J. , & Schmahmann , J. D. ( 2009 ). Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies . NeuroImage , 44 , 489 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thach , W. T. ( 2014 ). Does the cerebellum initiate movement? Cerebellum , 13 , 139 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toates , F. ( 2005 ). Evolutionary psychology: Towards a more integrative model . Biology and Philosophy , 20 , 305 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toates , F. ( 2006 ). A hierarchical model of behaviour, cognition and consciousness . Consciousness and Cognition , 15 , 75 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utter , A. A. , & Basso , M. A. ( 2008 ). The basal ganglia: An overview of circuits and function . Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews , 32 , 333 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh , M. C. , Pennington , B. F. , & Groisser , D. B. ( 1991 ). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window of prefrontal function in children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 7 , 131 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/hapc.
   Google Scholar