Reconsidering “Inattention” in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications for Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention

REFERENCES

• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2011). ADHD: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 128, 1007–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Arnsten, A. F., & Pliszka, S. R. (2011). Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 99, 211–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten, A. F., & Rubia, K. (2012). Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: Disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 356–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2010). Impairment in occupational functioning and adult ADHD: The predictive utility of executive function (EF) ratings versus EF tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 157–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. T., & La Rosa, A. (2002). Recent developments in the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(6), 591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brüne, M., & Brüne-Cohrs, U. (2006). Theory of mind—evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 437–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrey, N. J., MacMaster, F. P., Gaudet, L., & Schmidt, M. H. (2007). Striatal creatine and glutamate/glutamine in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 17, 11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla, M. B. (1996). A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsychological perspective. In L. G. Reid & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 263–278). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, A. E., Biederman, J., Seidman, L. J., Weber, W., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Diagnostic efficiency of neuropsychological test scores for discriminating boys with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 477–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fair, D. A., Bathula, D., Nikolas, M. A., & Nigg, J. T. (2012). Distinct neuropsychological subgroups in typically developing youth inform heterogeneity in children with ADHD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 6769–6774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, J. B., Fiorello, C. A., & Brown, L. (2005). Determining medication treatment effects using teacher ratings and classroom observations of children with ADHD: Does neuropsychological impairment matter?. Educational and Child Psychology, 22, 39–61.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, J. B., Reddy, L. A., Decker, S. L., Thompson, R., Henzel, J., Teodori, A., … Denckla, M. B. (2009). Development and validation of an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) executive function and behavior rating screening battery. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 897–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, J. B., Reddy, L. A., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Hain, L. A., Whitaker, J., Morley, J., … Jones, N. (2011). Executive impairment determines ADHD medication response: Implications for academic achievement. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44, 196–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, J. B., Reddy, L. A., Weissman, A. S., Lukie, C., & Schneider, A. N. (2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In L. A. Reddy A. S. Weissman, & J. B. Hale (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment and intervention for emotional and behavior disordered youth. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• Insel, T. (2013, April 29). Transforming diagnosis [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/index.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, A. C., Scheres, A., Sonuga-Barke, E. S., & Castellanos, F. X. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of reward and motivational pathways in ADHD. In M. Fitzgerald M. Bellgrove, & M. Gill (Eds.), Handbook of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (pp. 209–236). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Koziol, L. F., & Budding, D. (2012). Requiem for a diagnosis: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1, 2–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziol, L. F., Budding, D. A., & Hale, J. B. (2013). Understanding neuropsychology in the 21st century: Current status, clinical applications, and future directions. In L. A. Reddy A. S. Weissman, & J. B. Hale (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment and intervention for youth: An evidence-based approach to emotional and behavioural disorders (pp. 327–345). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kubas, H. A., Backenson, E. M., Wilcox, G., Piercy, J. C., & Hale, J. B. (2012). The effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postgraduate Medicine, 124(5), 33–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambek, R., Tannock, R., Dalsgaard, S., Trillingsgaard, A., Damm, D., & Thomsen, P. H. (2010). Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: How do children with and without an executive function deficit differ?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 895–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., & Halfon, N. (2011). Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD, 2007. Pediatrics, 127, 462–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, R. B., Masson, M. E. J., Hunter, M. A., & Wells, J. (1990). NPStat 3.01 [Computer software]. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2010). Does childhood executive function predict adolescent functional outcomes in girls with ADHD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 315–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina, B. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., … Houck, P. R. (2009). The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for Combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 484–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paloyelis, Y., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2009). Are ADHD symptoms associated with delay aversion or choice impulsivity? A general population study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 837–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Halari, R., Cubillo, A., Mohammad, A. M., Brammer, M., & Taylor, E. (2009). Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naive children with ADHD during a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology, 57, 640–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeichel, B. E., & Berridge, C. W. (2013). Neurocircuitry underlying the preferential sensitivity of prefrontal catecholamines to low-dose psychostimulants. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1078–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semrud-Clikeman, M., Walkowiak, J., Wilkinson, A., & Butcher, B. (2010). Executive functioning in children with Asperger syndrome, ADHD-Combined type, ADHD Predominately Inattentive type, and controls. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1017–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1248–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005). Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1231–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Sergeant, J. A., Nigg, J., & Willcutt, E. (2008). Executive dysfunction and delay aversion in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Nosologic and diagnostic implications. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17, 367–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinlin, M. (2008). Cerebellar disorders in childhood: Cognitive problems. The Cerebellum, 7, 607–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336–1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar