Use of the 21-Item Test with children and adolescents 5 to 16 years of age

References

• Blaskewitz, N., Merten, T., & Kathmann, N. (2008). Performance of children on symptom validity tests: TOMM, MSVT, and FIT, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 379–391. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. L., Ploetz, D. M., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2016). A survey of neuropsychologists’ use of validity tests with children and adolescents, Child Neuropsychology, 22, 1001–1020. doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1075491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carone, D. A. (2008). Children with moderate/severe brain damage/dysfunction outperform adults with mild-to-no brain damage on the Medical Symptom Validity Test, Brain Injury, 22, 960–971. doi:10.1080/02699050802491298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinou, M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Using the TOMM for evaluating children’s effort to perform optimally on neuropsychological measures, Child Neuropsychology, 9, 81–90. doi:10.1076/chin.9.2.81.14505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney, J. C., Dinkins, J. P., Allen, L. M., & Kuroski, K. (2003). Age related effects in children taking the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias and Word Memory Test, Child Neuropsychology, 9, 109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deright, J., & Carone, D. A. (2015). Assessment of effort in children: A systematic review, Child Neuropsychology, 21, 1–24. doi:10.1080/09297049.2013.864383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donders, J. (2005). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering in a mixed pediatric sample, Child Neuropsychology, 11, 221–227. doi:10.1080/092970404917298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust, D., Hart, K., & Guilmette, T. J. (1988). Pediatric malingering: The capacity of children to fake believable deficits on neuropsychological testing, Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 56, 578–582. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.4.578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gontkovsky, S. T., & Souheaver, G. T. (2000). Are brain damaged patients inappropriately labeled as malingering using the 21-Item Test and the WMS-R Logical Memory Forced Choice Recognition Test, Psychological Reports, 87, 512–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2003). Green’s Word Memory Test for windows: User’s manual. Edmonton, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2004). Manual for Green’s Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT). Edmonton, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2008). Advanced interpretation program. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P., Allen, L., & Astner, K. (1996). Manual for Computerized Word Memory Test, U.S. Version 1.0. Durham, NC: CogniSyst.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P., & Flaro, L. (2003). Word Memory Test performance in children, Child Neuropsychology, 9, 189–207. doi:10.1076/chin.93.189.16460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P., & Flaro, L. (2016). Results from three performance validity tests in children with intellectual disability, Applied Neuropsychology, 5, 25–34. doi:10.1080/21622965.2014.935378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2006). Should the retention trial on the Test of Memory Malingering be optional? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 117–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, D., Batcheler, J., & Jones, M. (2010). Detection of simulated memory impairment in 6- to 11-year-old children, Child Neuropsychology, 16, 105–118. doi:10.1080/09297040903352564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., Flaro, L., & Armstrong, I. (2015). Rates of effort test failure in children with ADHD: An exploratory study, Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 4, 197–210. doi:10.1080/21622965.2013.850581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R. & Conference Participants. (2009). American academy of clinical neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1093–1129. doi:10.1080/13854040903155063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. I. (1998). 21-Item Test research manual. Vancouver, BC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. I., & Franzen, M. D. (1996). Using multiple objective memory procedures to detect simulated malingering, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 38–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. I., Franzen, M. D., & McCracken, L. M. (1991). Evaluation of an objective assessment technique for detection of malingered memory deficits, Law and Human Behavior, 15, 667–676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. I., Franzen, M. D., & McCracken, L. M. (1994). Application of a forced-choice memory procedure designed to detect experimental malingering, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9, 437–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W. (2012a). Overview of tests and techniques to detect negative response bias in children. In E. M. S. Sherman & B. L. Brooks (Eds.), Pediatric forensic neuropsychology (pp. 136–161). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W. (2012b). Pediatric Validity Assessment, NeuroRehabilitation, 36, 439–450. doi:10.3233/NRE-151232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., & Kirk, J. W. (2010). The base rate of suboptimal effort in a pediatric mild TBI sample: Performance on the Medical Symptom Validity Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 860–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., Yeates, K. O., Randolph, C., & Kirk, J. W. (2012). The implications of symptom validity test failure for ability-based test performance in a pediatric sample, Psychological Assessment, 24, 36–45. doi:10.1037/a0024628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larochette, A. C., & Harrison, A. G. (2012). Word Memory Test performance in Canadian adolescents with learning disabilities: A preliminary study. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1, 38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAllister, W. S., Nakhutina, L., Bender, H. A., Karantzoulis, S., & Carlson, C. (2009). Assessing effort during neuropsychological evaluation with TOMM in children and adolescents with epilepsy, Child Neuropsychology, 15, 521–531. doi:10.1080/09297040902748226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, R. C., Haut, J. S., Stainbrook, T., & Franzen, M. D. (1995). Preliminary normative data for objective measures to detect malingered neuropsychological deficits in a population of adolescent patients, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10, 364–365.
   Google Scholar
• Nagle, A. M., Everhart, D. E., Durham, T. W., McCammon, S. L., & Walker, M. (2006). Deception strategies in children: Examination of forced choice recognition and verbal learning and memory techniques, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 777–785. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploetz, D. M., Mazur-Mosiewicz, A., Kirkwood, M. W., Sherman, E. M. S., & Brooks, B. L. (2016). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering in children with neurological conditions, Child Neuropsychology, 22, 133–142. doi:10.1080/1385585.2011.646941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambo, P. L., Callahan, J. L., Hogan, L. R., Hullmann, S., & Wrape, E. (2015). Effort testing in children: Can cognitive and symptom validity measures differentiate malingered performances?, Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 4, 1–8. doi:10.1080/21622965.2013.780238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, J. J., Turpin, D. M., & Kreiner, D. S. (2012). Specificity of the 21-Item Test in two elderly samples, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 17, 728–740. doi:10.1080/1385585.2011.646941
   Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar