Association between physical fitness components and fluid intelligence according to body mass index in schoolchildren

References

• ABEP. (2015). Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisas. Critério Brasil 2015 e Alterações na aplicação do Critério Brasil 2016 (pp. 1–6). Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Adkins, D. A. L., Boychuk, J., Remple, M. S., & Kleim, J. A. (2006). Motor training induces experience-specific patterns of plasticity across motor cortex and spinal cord. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(6), 1776–1782. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, A. F., Martins, A., & Almeida, L. S. (2016). Interactions between sex, socioeconomic level, and Children's Cognitive Performance. Psychological Reports, 118(2), 471–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116639428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelini, A. L., Alves, I. C. B., Custódio, E. M., Duarte, W. F., & Duarte, J. L. M. (1999). Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven. Escala Especial.
   Google Scholar
• Braaksma, P., Stuive, I., Garst, R. (M. E.), Wesselink, C. F., van der Sluis, C. K., Dekker, R., & Schoemaker, M. M. (2018). Characteristics of physical activity interventions and effects on cardiorespiratory fitness in children aged 6-12 years-A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(3), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde, W. L., & Monteiro, C. A. (2006). Body mass index cutoff points for evaluation of nutritional status in Brazilian children and adolescents. Jornal de Pediatria, 82(4), 266–272. https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daugherty, A. M., Sutton, B. P., Hillman, C. H., Kramer, A. F., Cohen, N. J., & Barbey, A. K. (2020). Individual differences in the neurobiology of fluid intelligence predict responsiveness to training: Evidence from a comprehensive cognitive, mindfulness meditation, and aerobic exercise intervention. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 18, 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2019.100123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Almeida Santana, C. C., Farah, B. Q., De Azevedo, L. B., Hill, J. O., Gunnarsdottir, T., Botero, J. P., Do Prado, E. C., & Do Prado, W. L. (2017). Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight with academic performance in 12-year-old Brazilian children. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 29(2), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, J. E., Ed, D., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K., & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: A systematic review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(6), 1197–1222. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban-Cornejo, I., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Contreras-Rodriguez, O., Verdejo-Roman, J., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Migueles, J. H., Henriksson, P., Davis, C. L., Verdejo-Garcia, A., Catena, A., & Ortega, F. B. (2017). A whole brain volumetric approach in overweight/obese children: Examining the association with different physical fitness components and academic performance. The ActiveBrains project. NeuroImage, 159(July), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esteban-Cornejo, I., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Contreras-Rodriguez, O., Verdejo-Román, J., Henriksson, P., Migueles, J. H., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Molina-García, P., Suo, C., Hillman, C. H., Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., Catena, A., Verdejo-García, A., & Ortega, F. B. (2019). Fitness, cortical thickness and surface area in overweight/obese children: The mediating role of body composition and relationship with intelligence. NeuroImage, 186(June), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.047
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esteban-Cornejo, I., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Verdejo-Román, J., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Chaddock-Heyman, L., Lauren, R., Chelsea, M., Stillman, A., Kramer, K., Erickson, A., Ortega, F., & Hillman, C. H. (2019). Physical fitness, white matter volume and academic performance in children: Findings from the ActiveBrains and FITKids2 projects. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(208), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fang, H., Quan, M., Zhou, T., Sun, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Cao, Z., Zhao, G., Wang, R., & Chen, P. (2017). Relationship between physical activity and physical fitness in preschool children: A cross-sectional study. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9314026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Mendoza, C., Mansur-Alves, M., Ardila, R., Rosas, R. D., Guerrero-Leiva, M. K., Maqueo, M. E. L. G., Gallegos, M., Colareta, N. R., & León, A. B. (2015). Fluid intelligence and school performance and its relationship with social variables in Latin American samples. Intelligence, 49, 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garciá-Hermoso, A., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Pérez-Sousa, M. Á., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2020). Association of physical education with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and fundamental motor skills among youths: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(6), e200223–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaya, A., Lemos, A., Gaya, A., Teixeira, D., Pinheiro, E., & Moreira, R. (2016). PROESP-Br Projeto Esporte Brasil Manual de Testes e Avaliação (pp. 1–20). https://www.ufrgs.br/proesp/
   Google Scholar
• Gu, X., Zhang, T., Chu, T. L. (Alan), Keller, M. J., & Zhang, X. (2019). The direct and indirect effects of motor competence on adolescents' mental health through health-related physical fitness. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(17), 1927–1933. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1605652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haapala, E. A., Lintu, N., Vaisto, J., Robinson, L. E., Viitasalo, A., Lindi, V., & Lakka, T. A. (2015). Associations of physical performance and adiposity with cognition in children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(10), 2166–2174. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, L. J. B., Williams, J. H. G., Aucott, L., Thomson, J., & Mon-Williams, M. (2011). How does exercise benefit performance on cognitive tests in primary-school pupils? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53(7), 630–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03954.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jirout, J., LoCasale-Crouch, J., Turnbull, K., Gu, Y., Cubides, M., Garzione, S., Evans, T. M., Weltman, A. L., & Kranz, S. (2019). How lifestyle factors affect cognitive and executive function and the ability to learn in children. Nutrients, 11(8), 1953–1929. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer, N., Pedroni, A., Gianotti, L. R. R., Hänggi, J., Knoch, D., & Jäncke, L. (2012). Functional brain network efficiency predicts intelligence. Human Brain Mapping, 33(6), 1393–1406. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson, P. M., Moehl, K., Ghena, N., Schmaedick, M., & Cheng, A. (2018). Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Physiology & Behavior, 19(2), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.156.Intermittent
   Google Scholar
• Mintjens, S., Menting, M. D., Daams, J. G., van Poppel, M. N. M., Roseboom, T. J., & Gemke, R. J. B. J. (2018). Cardiorespiratory Fitness in childhood and adolescence affects future cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Sports Medicine, 48(11), 2577–2605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0974-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirwald, R. L., Baxter-Jones, A. D. G., Bailey, D. A., & Beunen, G. P. (2002). An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(4), 689–694. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200204000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi, A., Damirchi, E. S., Narimani, M., Esmaeilzadeh, S., Dziembowska, I., Azevedo, L. B., & Do Prado, W. L. (2019). Association between physical and motor fitness with cognition in children. Medicina, 55(1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55010007
   Google Scholar
• Mora-Gonzalez, J., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Migueles, J. H., Molina-Garcia, P., Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Henriksson, P., Pontifex, M. B., Catena, A., & Ortega, F. B. (2019). Physical fitness, physical activity, and the executive function in children with overweight and obesity. The Journal of Pediatrics, 208, 50–56.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, J. A., Maslow, A. L., Long, S., & Hughey, M. (2013). Examining the impact of 45 minutes of daily physical education on cognitive ability, fitness performance, and body composition of African American youth. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 10(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.2.185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronan, L., Alexander-Bloch, A., & Fletcher, P. C. (2020). Childhood obesity, cortical structure, and executive function in healthy children. Cerebral Cortex, 30(4), 2519–2528. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Hermosa, A., Mota, J., Díez-Fernández, A., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Redondo-Tébar, A., & Sánchez-López, M. (2020). Relationship between weight status and cognition in children: A mediation analysis of physical fitness components. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1676538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyridaki, E. C., Simos, P., Avgoustinaki, P. D., Dermitzaki, E., Venihaki, M., Bardos, A. N., & Margioris, A. N. (2014). The association between obesity and fluid intelligence impairment is mediated by chronic low-grade inflammation. The British Journal of Nutrition, 112(10), 1724–1734. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514002207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner, L., Rowlands, D., Morrison, A., Credeur, D., Hamlin, M., Gaffney, K., Lambrick, D., & Matheson, A. (2016). Efficacy of exercise intervention for weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents: Meta-analysis and implications. Sports Medicine, 46(11), 1737–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0537-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubago-Guisado, E., Martinez-Rodriguez, A., Gallardo, L., & Sánchez-Sánchez, J. (2016). Bone mass in girls according to their BMI, VO2 max, hours and years of practice. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 1176–1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1168484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Stumm, S., & Plomin, R. (2015). Socioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence. Intelligence, 48, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau, S. Y., Li, A., Sun, X., Fintaine, C. J., Christie, B. R., & So, K. (2016). Potential biomarkers for physical exercise-induced brain health. Intech.
   Google Scholar
• Zaqout, M., Michels, N., Bammann, K., Ahrens, W., Sprengeler, O., Molnar, D., Hadjigeorgiou, C., Eiben, G., Konstabel, K., Russo, P., Jimenez, D., Moreno, L. A., & Henauw, S. De, (2016). Influence of physical fitness on cardio-metabolic risk factors in European children. The IDEFICS study. International Journal of Obesity, 40(7), 1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar