Effectiveness of executive functioning training among heterogeneous adolescent samples: A systematic review

References

• Ackermann, S., Halfon, O., Fornari, E., Urben, S., & Bader, M. (2018). Cognitive working memory Training (CWMT) in adolescents suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A controlled trial taking into account concomitant medication effects. Psychiatry Research, 269, 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Asmar, A. A., Oweis, Y., Ismail, N. H., Sabrah, A., & Abd-Raheam, I. M. (2021). The predictive value of high school grade point average to academic achievement and career satisfaction of dental graduates. BMC Oral Health, 21(1), 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01662-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, T. M., Anderson, L. M., Rothman, J. A., & Bonner, M. J. (2017). [Formula: See text] Executive functioning and health-related quality of life in pediatric sickle cell disease. Child Neuropsychology, 23(8), 889–906. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1205011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsalamah, A. (2018). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among minority children: Diagnoses and treatment challenges. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(2), 10–16.
   Google Scholar
• Badaly, D., Beers, S. R., Ceschin, R., Lee, V. K., Sulaiman, S., Zahner, A., Wallace, J., Berdaa-Sahel, A., Burns, C., Lo, C. W., & Panigrahy, A. (2022). Cerebellar and Prefrontal Structures Associated With Executive Functioning in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Heart Defects. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 827780 https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.827780 35356449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, R. K., & Owens, D. L. (2005). Overcoming challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in African Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(10), 5S-10S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, K. G., Shaffer, K. A., Fisher, P. A., & Berkman, E. T. (2019, October–December). Brief, computerized inhibitory control training to leverage adolescent neural plasticity: A pilot effectiveness trial. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 8(4), 366–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2018.1495567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikic, A., Leckman, J. F., Christensen, T. Ø., Bilenberg, N., & Dalsgaard, S. (2018). Attention and executive functions computer training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Results from a randomized, controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(12), 1563–1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1151-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. E., & Landgraf, J. M. (2010). Improvements in executive function correlate with enhanced performance and functioning and health-related quality of life: Evidence from 2 large, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials in ADHD. Postgraduate Medicine, 122(5), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustillo-Casero, P., Cebrian-Bou, S., Cruz-Montecinos, C., Pardo, A., & García-Massó, X. (2020). Effects of a dual-task intervention in postural control and cognitive performance in adolescents. Journal of Motor Behavior, 52(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2019.1600467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabro, F. J., Murty, V. P., Jalbrzikowski, M., Tervo-Clemmens, B., & Luna, B. (2020). Development of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex interactions through adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 30(3), 1548–1558. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderon, J., Wypij, D., Rofeberg, V., Stopp, C., Roseman, A., Albers, D., Newburger, J. W., & Bellinger, D. C. (2020). Randomized controlled trial of working memory intervention in congenital heart disease. The Journal of Pediatrics, 227, 191–198.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, K. L., & Stewart, M. W. (2019). Effectiveness of school-based health center delivery of a cognitive skills building intervention in young, rural adolescents: Potential applications for addiction and mood. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 47, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2019.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos, F. X. (1997). Toward a pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pediatrics, 36(7), 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992289703600702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catharine, V. L., Helena, V., Ellen, D., Guy, V., Karel, D., & Karen, C. (2019). Exploration of gray matter correlates of cognitive training benefit in adolescents with chronic traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage Clinical, 23, 101827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. B., Chung, T., Martin, C. S., Hasler, B. P., Fitzgerald, D. H., Luna, B., Brown, S. A., Tapert, S. F., Brumback, T., Cummins, K., Pfefferbaum, A., Sullivan, E. V., Pohl, K. M., Colrain, I. M., Baker, F. C., De Bellis, M. D., Nooner, K. B., & Nagel, B. J. (2017). Adolescent executive dysfunction in daily life: Relationships to risks, brain structure and substance use. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, E. J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 52(10), 1015–1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02446.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, D. J., Brown, T., Ross, V., Moncrief, M., Schmitt, R., Gaffney, G., & Reeve, R. (2017). Can youth with autism spectrum disorder use virtual reality driving simulation training to evaluate and improve driving performance? An exploratory study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2544–2555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3164-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criaud, M., Wulff, M., Alegria, A. A., Barker, G. J., Giampietro, V., & Rubia, K. (2020). Increased left inferior fronto-striatal activation during error monitoring after fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clinical, 27, 102311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, J. R., Ji, X., Allen, L., Lally, C., & Druss, B. G. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in ADHD treatment quality among medicaid-enrolled youth. Pediatrics, 139(6), e20162444. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Thornburg, K. L., Prentice, A. M., Campisi, S., Lassi, Z. S., Koletzko, B., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Nutrition in adolescents: Physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1393(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin, E. J., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., Oort, F. J., Bögels, S. M., & Meijer, A. M. (2015). Differential effects of online insomnia treatment on executive functions in adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 16(4), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delalande, L., Moyon, M., Tissier, C., Dorriere, V., Guillois, S., Mevell, K., Charron, S., Salvia, E., Poirel, N., Vidal, J., Lion, S., Oppenheim, C., Houde, O., Cachia, A., & Borst, G. (2020). Complex and subtle structural changes in prefrontal cortex induced by inhibitory control training from childhood to adolescence. Developmental Science, 23(4), e12898. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetriou, E. A., Lampit, A., Quintana, D. S., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y., Pye, J. E., Hickie, I., & Guastella, A. J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of executive function. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(5), 1198–1204. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakshan, N., & Eysenck, M. W. (2009). Anxiety, processing efficiency, and cognitive performance: New developments from attentional control theory. European Psychologist, 14(2), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.2.168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52(6), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. (2012). Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: Moving from correlation to causation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science, 3(3), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Fu, Q., Anastopoulos, A. D., Reid, R., & Power, T. J. (2020). ADHD parent and teacher symptom ratings: Differential item functioning across gender, age, race, and ethnicity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(5), 679–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00618-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ek, U., Westerlund, J., Holmberg, K., & Fernell, E. (2011). Academic performance of adolescents with ADHD and other behavioural and learning problems–A population-based longitudinal study. Acta Paediatrica, 100(3), 402–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02048.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan, L. M., & Eslinger, P. J. (1991). Frontal lobe damage in children and adults: A comparative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7(3), 283–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565649109540496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi, Y., Rivera, E. A., Modico, J. G., Foreman, A. M., & Wirth, O. (2017). Texting while driving, executive function, and impulsivity in college students. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 102, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, R. D., Kasza, J., & Bø, K. (2018). Analysis of randomised trials with long-term follow-up. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0499-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homer, B. D., Plass, J. L., Rose, M. C., MacNamara, A. P., Pawar, S., & Ober, T. M. (2019). Activating adolescents’ “hot” executive functions in a digital game to train cognitive skills: The effects of age and prior abilities. Cognitive Development, 49, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer, B. D., Ober, T. M., Rose, M. C., MacNamara, A., Mayer, R. E., & Plass, J. L. (2019). Speed versus accuracy: Implications of adolescents’ neurocognitive developments in a digital game to train executive functions. Mind, Brain, and Education, 13(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadri, A., Slimani, M., Bragazzi, N., Tod, D., & Azaiez, F. (2019). Effect of taekwondo practice on cognitive function in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiani, B., Hadianfard, H., & Mitchell, J. T. (2017). The impact of mindfulness meditation training on executive functions and emotion dysregulation in an Iranian sample of female adolescents with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(4), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalczyk, O. S., Cubillo, A. I., Smith, A., Barrett, N., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., Simmons, A., & Rubia, K. (2019). Methylphenidate and atomoxetine normalise fronto-parietal underactivation during sustained attention in ADHD adolescents. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(10), 1102–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.07.139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, S. L., Criaud, M., Alegria, A., Barker, G. J., Giampietro, V., & Rubia, K. (2020). Neurofunctional and behavioural measures associated with fMRI-neurofeedback learning in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clinical, 27, 102291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D., Kwak, S., & Chey, J. (2019). Parallel changes in cognitive function and gray matter volume after multi-component training of cognitive control (MTCC) in adolescents. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, W. L., Shih, Y. L., Wang, S. W., & Tang, Y. W. (2018). Improving junior high students’ thinking and creative abilities with an executive function training program. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 29, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luis-Ruiz, S., Caldú, X., Sánchez-Castañeda, C., Pueyo, R., Garolera, M., & Jurado, M. Á. (2020). Is cognitive training an effective tool for improving cognitive function and real-life behaviour in healthy children and adolescents? A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 116, 268–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mance, G. A., Grant, K. E., Roberts, D., Carter, J., Turek, C., Adam, E., & Thorpe, R. J. (2019). Environmental stress and socioeconomic status: Does parent and adolescent stress influence executive functioning in urban youth? Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 47(4), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2019.1617386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, J. J., Smith, C., Crystal, H. A., Richardson, J., Golub, E. T., Greenblatt, R., Robison, E., Martin, E. M., & Young, M. (2011). Relationship of ethnicity, age, education, and reading level to speed and executive function among HIV + and HIV − women: The Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Neurocognitive Substudy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(8), 853–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.547662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modi, A. C., Mara, C. A., Schmidt, M., Smith, A. W., Turnier, L., Glaser, N., & Wade, S. L. (2019). Epilepsy Journey: A proof of concept trial of a web-based executive functioning intervention for adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 60(9), 1895–1907. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modi, A. C., Vannest, J., Combs, A., Turnier, L., & Wade, S. L. (2018). Pattern of executive functioning in adolescents with epilepsy: A multimethod measurement approach. Epilepsy & Behavior, 80, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.12.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., Epstein, J. N., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Abikoff, H. B., Elliott, G. R., Greenhill, L. L., Newcorn, J. H., Wells, K. C., Wigal, T., Gibbons, R. D., Hur, K., & Houck, P. R. (2009). The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 484–500. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23d0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Quezada, L., Martinez, D., El-Hagrassy, M. M., Kaptchuk, T. J., Sterman, M. B., & Yeh, G. Y. (2019). Neurofeedback impacts cognition and quality of life in pediatric focal epilepsy: An exploratory randomized double-blinded sham-controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior, 101, 106570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 375(n71), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugini, M., Gallucci, M., & Costantini, G. (2018). A practical primer to power analysis for simple experimental designs. International Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C. N., Ross, L. A., & Stavrinos, D. (2016). Association between executive function and problematic adolescent driving. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(9), 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovici, G. D., Stephens, M. L., & Possin, K. L. (2015). Executive dysfunction. Continuum, 21(3), 646–659. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000466658.05156.54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynolds, B. W., Basso, M. R., Miller, A. K., Whiteside, D. M., & Combs, D. (2019). Executive function, impulsivity, and risky behaviors in young adults. Neuropsychology, 33(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowlands, A., Fisher, M., Mishra, J., Nahum, J., Brandrett, B., Reinke, M., Caldwell, M., Kiehl, K., & Vinogradov, S. (2020). Cognitive training for very high risk incarcerated adolescent males. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Criaud, M., Wulff, M., Alegria, A., Brinson, H., Barker, G., Stahl, D., & Giampietro, V. (2019). Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD. Neuroimage, 188, 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvia, E., Tissier, C., Charron, S., Herent, P., Vidal, J., Lion, S., Cassotti, M., Oppenheim, C., Houde, O., Borst, G., & Cachia, A. (2019). The local properties of bold signal fluctuations at rest monitor inhibitory control training in adolescents. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 38, 100664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Séguin, M., Lahaie, A., Matte-Gagné, C., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2018). Ready! Set? Let’s Train!: Feasibility of an intensive attention training program and its beneficial effect after childhood traumatic brain injury. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 61(4), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2017.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shema-Shiratzky, S., Brozgol, M., Cornejo-Thumm, P., Geva-Dayan, K., Rotstein, M., Leitner, Y., Hausdorff, J. M., & Mirelman, A. (2019). Virtual reality training to enhance behavior and cognitive function among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Brief report. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 22(6), 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2018.1476602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifers, S. K., Puddy, R. W., Warren, J. S., & Roberts, M. C. (2002). Reporting of demographics, methodology, and ethical procedures in journals in pediatric and child psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone, M., Viterbo, R. G., Margari, L., & Iaffaldano, P. (2018). Computer-assisted rehabilitation of attention in pediatric multiple sclerosis and ADHD patients: A pilot trial. BMC Neurology, 18(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-018-1087-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: A meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanger, C., Lansing, A. H., Scherer, E., Budney, A., Christiano, A. S., & Casella, S. J. (2018). A web-delivered multicomponent intervention for adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(12), 1010–1022. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumper, A., Mac Giollabhui, N., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2020). Early pubertal timing mediates the association between low socioeconomic status and poor attention and executive functioning in a diverse community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(7), 1420–1432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01198-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorell, L. B., Holst, Y., & Sjöwall, D. (2019). QoL in older adults with ADHD: Links to ADHD symptom levels and executive functioning deficits. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 73(7), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1646804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursache, A., & Noble, K. G. (2016). Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children. Brain and Behavior, 6(10), e00531. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eijndhoven, P., van Wingen, G., Fernández, G., Rijpkema, M., Pop-Purceleanu, M., Verkes, R. J., Buitelaar, J., & Tendolkar, I. (2013). Neural basis of recollection in first-episode major depression. Human Brain Mapping, 34(2), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander Linden, C., Verhelst, H., Verleysen, G., Caeyenberghs, K., Deblaere, K., & Vingerhoets, G. (2019). Prefrontal and temporal cortical thickness in adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 61(6), 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhelst, H., Giraldo, D., Vander Linden, C., Vingerhoets, G., Jeurissen, B., & Caeyenbergh, K. (2019). Cognitive training in young patients with traumatic brain injury: A fixel-based analysis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 33(10), 813–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968319868720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, S. L., Taylor, H. G., Yeates, K. O., Kirkwood, M., Zang, H., McNally, K., Stacin, T., & Zhang, N. (2018). Online Problem Solving for Adolescent Brain Injury: A Randomized Trial of 2 Approaches. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 39(2), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, S. L., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2021). The Structure of Executive Dysfunction in Depression and Anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M., Murray, C., Wasdell, M., Greenfield, B., Giles, L., & Hechtman, L. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of CBT therapy for adults with ADHD with and without medication. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weyandt, L. L. (2009). Executive functions and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The ADHD Report, 17(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1521/adhd.2009.17.6.1
   Google Scholar
• Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., Holbrook, J. R., Lehmann, C. U., Lessin, H. R., Okechukwu, K., Pierce, K. L., Winner, J. D., & Zurhellen, W. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528.. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wray-Lake, L., & Syvertsen, A. K. (2011). The developmental roots of social responsibility in childhood and adolescence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2011(134), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu, Y., Yu, Y., & Lin, Y. (2020). Anxiety and depression aggravate impulsiveness: the mediating and moderating role of cognitive flexibility. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 25(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1601748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zylowska, L. (2012). The mindfulness prescription for adult ADHD: An eight-step program for strengthening attention. In Managing emotions, and achieving your goals. Trumpeter.
   Google Scholar