Heating it up: Oncolytic viruses make tumors ‘hot’ and suitable for checkpoint blockade immunotherapies

References

• Palucka AK, Coussens LM. The Basis of Oncoimmunology. Cell 2016;164:1233–47. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.049. PMID:26967289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridman WH, Zitvogel L, Sautes-Fridman C, Kroemer G. The immune contexture in cancer prognosis and treatment. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14:717–34. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.101. PMID:28741618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 2011;331:1565–70. doi:10.1126/science.1203486. PMID:21436444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Allison JP. Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential. Cell 2015;161:205–14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030. PMID:25860605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Allison JP. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science 2015;348:56–61. doi:10.1126/science.aaa8172. PMID:25838373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson A, Scott KJ, Taggart D, West EJ, Wilson E, Nuovo GJ, Thomson S, Corns R, Mathew RK, Fuller MJ, et al. Intravenous delivery of oncolytic reovirus to brain tumor patients immunologically primes for subsequent checkpoint blockade. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(422):pii:eaam7577. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7577. PMID:29298869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, Roy DG, Aitken AS, El Sayes N, Martin NT, Varette O, Falls T3, St-Germain LE, Pelin A, Lichty BD, et al. Neoadjuvant oncolytic virotherapy before surgery sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer to immune checkpoint therapy. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(422):pii:eaao1641. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aao1641. PMID:29298865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pol J, Buque A, Aranda F, Bloy N, Cremer I, Eggermont A, Erbs P, Fucikova J, Galon J, Limacher JM, et al. Trial Watch-Oncolytic viruses and cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1117740. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2015.1117740. PMID:27057469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujar S, Pol JG, Kim Y, Lee PW, Kroemer G. Antitumor Benefits of Antiviral Immunity: an underappreciated aspect of oncolytic virotherapies. Trends Immunol. 2018;39(3):209–221. doi:10.1016/j.it.2017.11.006. PMID:29275092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PWK, Gujar S. Potentiating prostate cancer immunotherapy with oncolytic viruses. Nat Rev Urol. 2018. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2018.10. PMID:29434366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Hu-Lieskovan S, Wargo JA, Ribas A. Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Cell 2017;168:707–23. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017. PMID:28187290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pol J, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. First oncolytic virus approved for melanoma immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1115641. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2015.1115641. PMID:26942095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas A, Dummer R, Puzanov I, VanderWalde A, Andtbacka RHI, Michielin O, Olszanski AJ, Malvehy J, Cebon J, Fernandez E, et al. Oncolytic Virotherapy Promotes Intratumoral T Cell Infiltration and Improves Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Cell 2017;170:1109–19e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu J, Kanne DB, Leong M, Glickman LH, McWhirter SM, Lemmens E, Mechette K, Leong JJ, Lauer P, Liu W, et al. STING agonist formulated cancer vaccines can cure established tumors resistant to PD-1 blockade. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:283ra52. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa4306. PMID:25877890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadkaree SK, Fu J, Sen R, Korrer MJ, Allen C, Kim YJ. Induction of tumor regression by intratumoral STING agonists combined with anti-programmed death-L1 blocking antibody in a preclinical squamous cell carcinoma model. Head Neck. 2017;39:1086–94. doi:10.1002/hed.24704. PMID:28323387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfirschke C, Engblom C, Rickelt S, Cortez-Retamozo V, Garris C, Pucci F, Yamazaki T, Poirier-Colame V, Newton A, Redouane Y, et al. Immunogenic chemotherapy sensitizes tumors to checkpoint blockade Therapy. Immunity 2016;44:343–54. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.024. PMID:26872698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galluzzi L, Buque A, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunogenic cell death in cancer and infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:97–111. doi:10.1038/nri.2016.107. PMID:27748397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musella M, Manic G, De Maria R, Vitale I, Sistigu A. Type-I-interferons in infection and cancer: Unanticipated dynamics with therapeutic implications. Oncoimmunology 2017;6:e1314424. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1314424. PMID:28638743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlhapp FJ, Kaufman HL. Molecular pathways: mechanism of action for talimogene laherparepvec, a New Oncolytic virus immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22:1048–54. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2667. PMID:26719429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Type I interferons in anticancer immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15:405–14. doi:10.1038/nri3845. PMID:26027717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workenhe ST, Mossman KL. Oncolytic virotherapy and immunogenic cancer cell death: sharpening the sword for improved cancer treatment strategies. Mol Ther. 2014;22:251–6. doi:10.1038/mt.2013.220. PMID:24048442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workenhe ST, Mossman KL. Rewiring cancer cell death to enhance oncolytic viro-immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013;2:e27138. doi:10.4161/onci.27138. PMID:24498567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michot JM, Bigenwald C, Champiat S, Collins M, Carbonnel F, Postel-Vinay S, Berdelou A, Varga A, Bahleda R, Hollebecque A, et al. Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint blockade: a comprehensive review. Eur J Cancer. 2016;54:139–48. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.11.016. PMID:26765102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridle BW, Hanson S, Lichty BD. Combining oncolytic virotherapy and tumour vaccination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010;21:143–8. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.02.009. PMID:20226716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridle BW, Li J, Jiang S, Chang R, Lichty BD, Bramson JL, Wan Y. Immunotherapy can reject intracranial tumor cells without damaging the brain despite sharing the target antigen. J Immunol. 2010;184:4269–75. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901447. PMID:20237288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen A, Zhang Y, Meng G, Jiang D, Zhang H, Zheng M, Xia M, Jiang A, Wu J, Beltinger C, et al. Oncolytic measles virus enhances antitumour responses of adoptive CD8(+)NKG2D(+) cells in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Sci Rep. 2017;7:5170. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05500-z. PMID:28701757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu X, Rivera A, Tao L, Zhang X. An HSV-2 based oncolytic virus can function as an attractant to guide migration of adoptively transferred T cells to tumor sites. Oncotarget 2015;6:902–14. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2817. PMID:25460506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleijn A, Kloezeman J, Treffers-Westerlaken E, Fulci G, Leenstra S, Dirven C, Debets R, Lamfers M. The therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic virus Delta24-RGD in a murine glioma model depends primarily on antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2014;3:e955697. doi:10.4161/21624011.2014.955697. PMID:25941622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen F, Bobanga ID, Rauhe P, Barkauskas D, Teich N, Tong C, Myers J, Huang AY. CCL3 augments tumor rejection and enhances CD8(+) T cell infiltration through NK and CD103(+) dendritic cell recruitment via IFNgamma. Oncoimmunology 2018;7:e1393598. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1393598. PMID:29399390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogdill AP, Andrews MC, Wargo JA. Hallmarks of response to immune checkpoint blockade. Br J Cancer. 2017;117:1–7. doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.136. PMID:28524159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Hu Y, Hu M, Li B. Development of PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Treatment for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Sci Rep. 2015;5:13110. doi:10.1038/srep13110. PMID:26279307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terawaki S, Chikuma S, Shibayama S, Hayashi T, Yoshida T, Okazaki T, Honjo T. IFN-alpha directly promotes programmed cell death-1 transcription and limits the duration of T cell-mediated immunity. J Immunol. 2011;186:2772–9. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003208. PMID:21263073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar