Stereotactic body radiation therapy and thymosin alpha-1-induced anti-tumor effects in heavily pretreated, metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients

References

• Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ, He J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lagergren J, Smyth E, Cunningham D, Lagergren P. Oesophageal cancer. Lancet. 2017;390(10110):2383–2396. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31462-9. PMID:28648400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth E, Lagergren J, Fitzgerald R, Lordick F, Shah M, Lagergren P, Cunningham D. Oesophageal cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17048. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.48. PMID:28748917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Limbergen EJ, De Ruysscher DK, Olivo PV, Marcus D, Berbee M, Hoeben A, Rekers N, Theys J, Yaromina A, Dubois LJ. Combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy: the past, the present and the future. Br J Radiol. 2017;90(1076):20170157. doi:10.1259/bjr.20170157. PMID:28541096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chajon E, Castelli J, Marsiglia H, De CR. The synergistic effect of radiotherapy and immunotherapy: A promising but not simple partnership. Critical Reviews in Oncology. 2017;111:124. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.017.
   Google Scholar
• Dan I, Pop L, Takeshima T, Iyengar P, Hannan R. Rationale and evidence to combine radiation therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy Cii. 2017;66(3):281. doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1914-6. PMID:27743027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden EB, Chhabra A, Chachoua A, Adams S, Donach M, Fenton-Kerimian M, Friedman K, Ponzo F, Babb JS, Goldberg J. Local radiotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to generate abscopal responses in patients with metastatic solid tumours: a proof-of-principle trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(7):795. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00054-6. PMID:26095785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngwa W, Ouyang Z. Following the Preclinical Data: Leveraging the Abscopal Effect More Efficaciously. Front Oncol. 2017;7:66. doi:10.3389/fonc.2017.00066. PMID:28447024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein AL, Guha A, Zatz MM, Hardy MA, White A. Purification and biological activity of thymosin, a hormone of the thymus gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972;69(7):1800−3. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.7.1800. PMID:4505657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Moroni G, Sorrentino R, Zonfrillo M, Pierimarchi P, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P. Thymosin α1 and cancer: Action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1269(1):26−33. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06697.x. PMID:23045967.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garaci E, Pica F, Rasi G, Favalli C. Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000;22(12):1067–76. doi:10.1016/S0192-0561(00)00075-8. PMID:11137613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon R. Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10(1):1–10. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(89)90015-9. PMID:2702835.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deplanque G, Shabafrouz K, Obeid M. Can local radiotherapy and IL-12 synergise to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and allow “in situ tumor vaccination”? Cancer Immunol Immunother Cii. 2017;66(7):833–40. doi:10.1007/s00262-017-2000-4. PMID:28409192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King CWTRS. Thymosin Apha 1–A Peptide Immune Modulator with a Broad Range of Clinical Applications. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology. 2013;3(4):133–149.
   Google Scholar
• Wara WM, Ammann AJ, Wara DW. Effect of thymosin and irradiation on immune modulation in head and neck and esophageal cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978;62(11):1775–8. PMID:728896.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scher HI, Shank B, Chapman R, Geller N, Pinsky C, Gralla R, Kelsen D, Bosl G, Golbey R, Petroni G. Randomized trial of combined modality therapy with and without thymosin fraction V in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 1988;48(6):1663. PMID:2830968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, Golumbek P, Levitsky H, Brose K, Jackson V, Hamada H, Pardoll D, Mulligan RC. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(8):3539–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.8.3539. PMID:8097319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xian J, Yang H, Lin Y, Liu S. Combination nonviral murine interleukin 2 and interleukin 12 gene therapy and radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(131):1079–85. doi:10.1001/archotol.131.12.1079. PMID:16365221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gandhi SJ, Minn AJ, Vonderheide RH, Wherry EJ, Hahn SM, Maity A. Awakening the immune system with radiation: Optimal dose and fractionation. Cancer Lett. 2015;368(2):185. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.024. PMID:25799953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang C, Wang X, Soh H, Seyedin S, Cortez MA, Krishnan S, Massarelli E, Hong D, Naing A, Diab A. Combining radiation and immunotherapy: a new systemic therapy for solid tumors? Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(9):831. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0069. PMID:25187273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan MZ, Galloway AE, Kawashima N, Dewyngaert JK, Babb JS, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Fractionated but not single dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Clinical Cancer Research An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2009;15(17):5379. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0265. PMID:19706802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaue D, Ratikan JA, Iwamoto KS, Mcbride WH. Maximizing Tumor Immunity With Fractionated Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(4):1306. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.09.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden EB, Demaria S, Schiff PB, Chachoua A, Formenti SC. An Abscopal Response to Radiation and Ipilimumab in a Patient with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2013;1(6):365–72. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0115. PMID:24563870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy A, Chargari C, Marabelle A, Perfettini JL, Magné N, Deutsch E. Can immunostimulatory agents enhance the abscopal effect of radiotherapy? Eur J Cancer. 2016;62:36. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.067. PMID:27200491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yodying H, Matsuda A, Miyashita M, Matsumoto S, Sakurazawa N, Yamada M, Uchida E. Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Oncologic Outcomes of Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(2):646–54. doi:10.1245/s10434-015-4869-5. PMID:26416715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar