Occupational Stressors, Burnout, and Predictors of Suicide Ideation Among U.S. Air Force Remote Warriors

References

• Awa, W. L., Plaumann, M., & Walter, U. (2010). Burnout prevention: A review of intervention programs. Patient Education and Counseling, 78, 184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Demerouti, E., Janssen, P. P., Van Der Hulst, R., & Brouwer, J. (2000). Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 13, 247–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., & Clemans, T. A. (2013). Repetitive traumatic brain injury, psychological symptoms, and suicide risk in a clinical sample of deployed military personnel. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 686–691. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Clemans, T. A., Hernandez, A. M., & Rudd, M. D. (2013). Loss of consciousness, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide risk among deployed military personnel with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28, 13–20. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e31826c73cc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., & Corso, K. A. (2011). Depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation among active duty veterans in an integrated primary care clinic. Psychological Services, 8, 94–103. doi:10.1037/a0023451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Elder, W. B., McNaughton-Cassill, M., Osman, A., Hernandez, A. M., & Allison, S. (2013). Meaning in life, emotional distress, suicide ideation, and life functioning in an active duty military sample. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 444–452. doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.823557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Griffith, J. E., Pace, B. T., Hinkson, K., Bryan, A. O., Clemans, T. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). Combat exposure and risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among military personnel and veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45, 633–649. doi:10.1111/sltb.12163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Etienne, N., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2013). Guilt, shame, and suicidal ideation in a military outpatient clinical sample. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 55–60. doi:10.1002/da.22002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, P. R., Dunn, G., Kelly, B. D., Birkbeck, G., Dalgard, O. S., Lehtinen, V., & Dowrick, C. (2006). Factors associated with suicidal ideation in the general population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 410–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappelle, W., Goodman, T., Reardon, L., & Thompson, W. (2014). An analysis of post-traumatic stress symptoms in United States Air Force drone operators. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 480–487. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappelle, W., McDonald, K., Christensen, J., Prince, L., Goodman, T., Thompson, W., & Hayes, W. (2013). Sources of occupational stress and prevalence of burnout and clinical distress among U.S. Air Force cyber warfare operators (Technical Report No. AFRL-SA-WP-TR-2013–0006). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Chappelle, W., Prince, L., Goodman, T., Thompson, W., Cowper, S., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2014). Occupational health screenings, of the USAF virtual warrior: Distributed Common Ground System intelligence operators compared with non-combatant support personnel (Technical Report No. AFRL-SA-WA-TR-2014–0003). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Chappelle, W., Swearingen, J., Goodman, T., Cowper, S., Prince, L., & Thompson, W. (2014). Occupational health screenings of USAF remotely piloted aircraft (drone) operators (Technical Report No. AFRL-SA-WA-TR-2014–0007). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Coffey, L. C., Skipper, J. K., Jr., & Jung, F. D. (1988). Nurses and shift work: Effects on job performance and job-related stress. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 13, 245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, G. (2003). Shift work and occupational medicine: An overview. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, D. W., Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., Greene, F. N., Bakalar, J. L., Schendel, C. L., Nademin, M. E., & Kindt, M. (2011). Suicide in the United States Air Force: Risk factors communicated before and at death. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(3), 398–405. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, J. (2015, July 9). Army announces force reduction of 40,000 troops. CNN Politics. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/09/politics/army-announces-force-reduction-40000-troops/
   Google Scholar
• Cukrowicz, K. C., Duberstein, P. R., Vannoy, S. D., Lynch, T. R., McQuoid, D. R., & Steffens, D. C. (2009). Course of suicide ideation and predictors of change in depressed older adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113, 30–36. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyrbye, L. N., Thomas, M. R., Massie, F. S., Power, D. V., Eacker, A., Harper, W., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2008). Burnout and suicidal ideation among U.S. medical students. Annals of Internal Medicine, 149(5), 334–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, K. (2016). Department of Defense quarterly suicide report calendar year 2015 4th quarter: Defense Suicide Prevention Office (DSPO). Washington, DC: Defense Suicide Prevention Office.
   Google Scholar
• Glazer, S., & Beehr, T. A. (2005). Consistency of implications of three role stressors across four countries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(5), 467–487. doi:10.1002/job.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmbach, D. A., Pillai, V., Cheng, P., Arnedt, J. T., & Drake, C. L. (2015). Shift work disorder, depression, and anxiety in the transition to rotating shifts: The role of sleep reactivity. Sleep Medicine, 16(12), 1532–1538. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzler, K. E., Bryan, C. J., McGeary, D. D., & Morrow, C. E. (2012). Suicidal ideation and perceived burdensomeness in patients with chronic pain. Pain Practice, 12, 602–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., Burlingame, G. M., Umphress, V., Hansen, N. B., Vermeersch, D. A., Clouse, G. C., & Yanchar, S. C. (1996). The reliability and validity of the Outcome Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 3(4), 249–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammers-van der Holst, H. M., & Kerkhof, G. A. (2015). Shift work tolerance and the importance of sleep quality: A study of police officers. Biological Rhythm Research, 46(2), 257–264. doi:10.1080/09291016.2014.985002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeardMann, C. A., Powell, T. M., Smith, T. C., Bell, M. R., Smith, B., Boyko, E. J., & Hoge, C. W. (2013). Risk factors associated with suicide in current and former US military personnel. JAMA, 310(5), 496–506. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.65164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, P. C., Chen, C. H., Pan, S. M., Chen, Y. M., Pan, C. H., Hung, H. C., & Wu, M. T. (2015). The association between rotating shift work and increased occupational stress in nurses. Journal of Occupational Health, 57(4), 307–315. doi:10.1539/joh.13–0284-OA
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. S., Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., Englert, D. R., Bakalar, J. L., Olsen, C., Nademin, E. M., & Branlund, S. (2013). Marital status, life stressor precipitants, and communications of distress and suicide intent in a sample of United States Air Force suicide decedents. Archives of Suicide Research, 17(2), 148–160. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.776456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Millner, A. J., Lee, M. D., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Single-item measurement of suicidal behaviors: Validity and consequences of misclassification. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0141606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Cha, C. B., Kessler, R.C., & Lee, S. (2008). Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiological Review, 30, 133–154. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Stein, M. B., Heeringa, S. G., Ursano, R. J., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., & Kessler, R. C. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among soldiers: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry, 71(5), 514–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nulty, D. D. (2008). The adequacy of response rates to online and paper surveys: What can be done? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(3), 301–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouma, J. A., Chappelle, W. L., & Salinas, A. (2011). Facets of occupational burnout among U.S. Air Force active duty and National Guard/Reserve MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper operators (Technical Report No. AFRL-SA-WP-TR-2011–0003). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: U.S.: Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Narciso, V., Kotzalidis, G. D., Dominici, G., Talamo, A., & Tatarelli, R. (2010). Burnout, hopelessness and suicide risk in medical doctors. La Clinica Terapeutica, 161(6), 511–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, L., Chappelle, W., Cowper, S., Goodman, T., & Thompson, W. (2015). Sources and levels of stress among 70th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Wing intelligence operators and support personnel (Technical Report No. AFRL-SA-WP-TR-2015–0005). Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Prince, L., Chappelle, W. L., McDonald, K. D., Goodman, T., Cowper, S., & Thompson, W. (2015). Reassessment of psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder in United States Air Force Distributed Common Ground System operators. Military Medicine, 180(Suppl. 3), 171–178. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-14–00397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon, L., Chappelle, W., Goodman, T., Cowper, S., Prince, L., & Thompson, W. (2016). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms in United States Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Agency imagery analysts. Psychological Trauma, 8(1), 55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger, M. A., Smolenski, D. J., Skopp, N. A., Metzger-Abamukang, M. J., Kang, H. K., Bullman, T. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2015). Risk of suicide among US military service members following Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment and separation from the US military. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(6), 561–569. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd, M. D. (2006). Fluid vulnerability theory: A cognitive approach to understanding the process of acute and chronic risk. In T. E. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 355–368). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenbaum, M., Kessler, R. C., Gilman, S. E., Colpe, L. J., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., & Cox, K. L. (2014). Predictors of suicide and accident death in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS): Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry, 71(5), 493–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs. (2016, January 6). AF officials announce civilian reduction in force. Retrieved from http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/641693/af-officials-announce-civilian-reduction-in-force.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, S., Bryan, C. J., & Bryan, A. O. (2016). Meaning in life as a protective factor for the emergence of suicide ideation that leads to suicide attempts among military personnel and veterans with elevated PTSD and depression. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 9, 87–98. doi:10.1521/ijct.2016.9.1.87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, H. A., Stephenson, J. A., Morrow, C. E., Haskell, J. S., Staal, M., Bryan, A. O., & Bryan, C. J. (2015). Factors associated with burnout among active duty versus National Guard/Reserve U.S. Air Force pararescuemen. Military Behavioral Health, 3(1), 5–13. doi:10.1080/21635781.2014.995245
   Google Scholar
• Smolenski, D. J., Reger, M. A., Bush, N. E., Skopp, N. A., Zhang, Y., & Campise, R. L. (2014). DoDSER: Department of Defense suicide event report calendar year 2013 annual report. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Telehealth & Technology.
   Google Scholar
• van Dierendonck, D., Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (1998). The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: The role of inequity and social support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 392–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA's statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician, 70(2), 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar