Planned Dream Interventions: A Pragmatic Randomized Control Trial to Evaluate a Psychological Treatment for Traumatic Nightmares in UK Military Veterans

References

• American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). International classification of sleep disorders (3rd ed.). Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Augedal, A., Hansen, K., Kronhaug, C., Harvey, A., & Pallesen, S. (2013). Randomized controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nightmares: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 17(2), 143–152. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlow, J., McLean, C., Gehrman, P., Harb, G., Ross, R., & Foa, E. (2016). Influence of sleep disturbances on global functioning after posttraumatic stress disorder treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(6), 515–521. doi: 10.1002/jts.22139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2748771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, R., & Germain, A. (2016). Nightmares and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 2(2), 74–80. doi: 10.1007/s40675-016-0037-0
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, J., & Andrykowski, M. (1998). Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45(1), 5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, R. (2010). The twenty-four hour mind: The role of sleep and dreaming in our emotional lives. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Casement, M., & Swanson, L. (2012). A meta-analysis of imagery rehearsal for post-trauma nightmares: Effects on nightmare frequency, sleep quality and posttraumatic stress. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 566–574. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, J., Harb, G., Gehrman, P., Cary, M., Gamble, G., Forbes, D., & Ross, R. (2010). Imagery rehearsal for posttraumatic nightmares: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(5), 553–563. doi: 10.1002/jts
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranston, C., Miller, K., Davis, J., & Rhudy, J. (2017). Preliminary validation of a brief measure of the frequency and severity of nightmares: The trauma-related nightmare survey. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 18(1), 88–99. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2016.1191578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creamer, M., Bell, R., & Failla, S. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1489–1496. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J., Rhudy, J., Pruiksama, K., Byrd, P., Williams, A., McCabe, K., & Bartley, E. (2011). Physiological predictors of response to exposure, relaxation and rescripting therapy for chronic nightmares in a randomized control trial. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 7, 622–631. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.1466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J., & Wright, D. (2007). Randomised clinical trial for treatment of chronic nightmares in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(2), 123–133. doi: 10.1002/jts.20199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs, & Department of Defence. (2017). VA/DOD clinical practice guidelines for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. Retrieved January 11, 2018, from https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/ptsd/VADoDPTSDCPGFinal012418.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dexter, B. (2010). No more nightmares instructor guide. Virginia: Maximilian Press Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dow, B. (2015). Dream therapy for PTSD: The proven system for ending your nightmares and recovering from trauma. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Germain, A. (2013). Sleep disturbances as the hallmark of PTSD: Where are we now? American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4), 372–382. Retrieved from http://www.ajp.psychiatryonline.org
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germain, A., Hall, M., Krakow, B., Shear, M., & Buysse, D. (2005). A brief sleep scale for post-traumatic stress disorder: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for PTSD. Anxiety Disorders, 19(2), 233–244. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germain, A., Richardson, R., Moul, D. E., Mammen, O., Haas, G., Forman, S. D., … Nofzinger, E. A. (2012). Placebo-controlled comparison of prazosin and cognitive-behavioural treatments for sleep disturbances in US Military Veterans. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 72(2), 89–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, K., Höfling, V., Kröner-Borowik, T., Stangier, U., & Steil, R. (2013). Efficacy of psychological interventions aiming to reduce chronic nightmares: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 146–155. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harb, G., Phelps, A., Forbes, D., Ross, R., Gehrman, P., & Cook, J. (2013). A critical review of the evidence base of imagery rehearsal for posttraumatic nightmares: Pointing the way for future research. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 570–579. doi: 10.1002/jts.21854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harb, G., Thompson, R., Ross, R., & Cook, J. (2012). Combat related PTSD and imagery rehearsal: Nightmare characteristics and relation to treatment outcome. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(5), 511–518. doi: 10.1002/jts.21748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, E. (2001). Dreams and nightmares - The origin and meaning of dreams. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hasler, B., & Germain, A. (2009). Correlates and treatments of nightmares in adults. Sleep Medicine, 4(4), 507–517. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.07.012
   Google Scholar
• Hotopf, M. (2002). The pragmatic randomised control trial. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8(5), 6, 326–33.
   Google Scholar
• Insana, S. P., Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., & Germain, A. (2013). Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for post traumatic stress disorder(PSQI-A) in US Male Military Veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(2), 192–200. doi: 10.1002/jts.21793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen, A. C., van Staden, L., Hughes, J. H., Greenberg, N., Hotopf, M., Rona, R. J., … Fear, N. T. (2011). The stigma of mental health problems and other barriers to care in the UK Armed Forces. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 1–10. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/11/31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi, I., Mellman, T., Altaee, D., Howell, M., & Lavela, J. (2016). Sleep and processing of trauma memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(6), 568–571. doi: 10.1002/jts.22137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakow, B., Hollifield, M., Johnston, L., Koss, M., Schrader, R., Warner, T. D., … Prince, H. (2001). Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized control trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(5), 537–545. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.5.537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakow, B., Kellner, R., Pathak, D., & Lambert, L. (1995). Imagery rehearsal treatment for chronic nightmares. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(7), 837–843. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7677723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakow, M., & Neidhart, J. (1992). Conquering bad dreams and nightmares. New York: Berkley Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kunze, A., Arntz, A., Nexhmedin, M., Kindt, M., & Lancee, J. (2017). Efficacy of imagery rescripting and imaginal exposure for nightmares: A randomized wait-list controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBerge, S. (1985). Lucid dreaming: A conscise guide to awakening in your dreams and in your life. New York: Sounds True.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, R., & Nielsen, T. (2007). Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(3), 482–528. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood, D., Gooding, P., Panagioti, M., & Kyle, S. (2016). Nightmares and suicide in posttraumatic stress disorder: The mediating role of defeat, entrapment and hopelessness. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(03), 393–399. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.5592
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Long, M., Hammons, M., Davis, J., Frueh, C., Khan, M., Elhai, J., & Teng, E. (2011). Imagery rescripting and exposure group treatment of posttraumatic nightmares in veterans with PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, (25(4), 531–535. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, I. (1978). Rehearsal relief of a nightmare. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 133, 461–465. Retrieved from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/133/5/461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, C., Bootzin, R., Buysse, D., Edinger, J., Espie, C., & Lichstein, K. (2006). Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: Update of the recent evidence (1998-2004). Sleep, 29(11), 1398–1414. Retrieved from http://216.21.56.228/Resources/PracticeParameters/Review_Insomnia.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, D., Hodgman, G., Carson, C., Spencer-Harper, L., Hinton, M., Wessely, S., & Busuttil, W. (2015). Mental health and functional impairment outcomes following a 6-week intensive treatment programme for UK military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A naturalistic study to explore dropout and health outcomes at follow-up. British Medical Journal Open, 5(3), e007051. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormerod, J. (2009). Working with military veterans. Journal of Psychiatry, 8(8), 325–327. doi: 10.1016/j.mppsy.2009.04.012
   Google Scholar
• Phelps, A., Forbes, D., Hopwood, M., & Creamer, M. (2011). Trauma-related dreams of Australian veterans with PTSD: Content, affect and phenomenology. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(10), 853–860. doi: 10.3109/00048674.2011.599314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigeon, W., Campbell, C., Possemato, K., & Ouimette, P. (2013). Longitudinal relationships of insomnia, nightmares, and PTSD severity in recent combat veterans. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(6), 546–550. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruiksma, K., Cranston, C., Rhudy, J., Micol, R., & Davis, J. (2018). Randomized controlled trial to dismantle Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT) for trauma-related nightmares. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 10(1), 67–75. doi: 10.1037/tra0000238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskind, M. A., Peskind, E. R., Chow, B., Harris, C., Davis-Karim, A., Holmes, H. A., … Huang, G. D. (2018). Trial of prazosin for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(6), 507–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoormaker, V., & Montgomery, P. (2008). Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: Secondary symptom or core feature? Sleep Medicine Review, 12(3), 169–184. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundin, J., Forbes, H., Fear, N., Dandeker, C., & Wessely, S. (2011). The impact of the conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan: A UK perspective. International Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 153–159. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2011.561303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thunker, J., & Pietrowsky, R. (2012). Effectiveness of a manualized imagery rehearsal therapy for patients suffering from nightmare disorders with and without comorbidity of depression or PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(9), 558–564. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk, B., Blitz, R., Burr, W., Sherry, S., & Hartman, E. (1984). Nightmares and Trauma: A comparison of nightmares after combat with lifelong nightmares of veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(2), 187–190. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6691477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Liempt, S. (2012). Sleep disturbance and PTSD: A perpetual cycle?. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1), 19142. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.19142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Liempt, S., Van Zuiden, M., Westenberg, H., Super, A., & Vermetten, E. (2013). Impact of impaired sleep on the development of PTSD symptoms in combat veterans: A prospective longitudinal cohort study. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 469–474. doi: 10.1002/da.22054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Schagen, A., Lancee, J., de Groot, I., Spoormaker, V., & van den Bout, J. (2015). Imagery rehearsal therapy in addition to treatment as usual for patients with diverse psychiatric diagnoses suffering from nightmares. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(9), 1105–1113. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14m09216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M. (2017). Why we sleep - The new science of sleep and dreams. London: Pengiun.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. San Antonio: Paper presented at the 9th annual conference of the ISTSS.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, D., & Marmar, C. (1997). The impact of event scale - Revised. In J. Wilson, & T. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD (pp. 399–441). New York: Guildford.
   Google Scholar
• Yan-Yee Ho, F., Chan, C., & Nga-Sze Tang, K. (2016). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for sleep disturbances in treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 90–102. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar