Gambling Problems and Military- and Health-Related Behaviour in UK Armed Forces Veterans

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Biddle, D., Hawthorne, G., Forbes, D., & Coman, G. (2005). Problem gambling in Australian PTSD treatment‐seeking veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 759–767. doi:10.1002/jts.20084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, D. W., & Moyer, T. (1998). Clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity of subjects with pathological gambling behavior. Psychiatric Services, 49(11), 1434–1439. doi:10.1176/ps.49.11.1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramley, S., Norrie, C., & Manthorpe, J. (2017). The nature of gambling-related harms for adults at risk: A review. Social Care Workforce Research Unit, King’s College London. Retrieved from https://www.kcl.ac.uk/scwru/res/capacity/adults-at-risk-and-gambling
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Rose, S., Andrews, B., Green, J., Tata, P., McEvedy, C., … Foa, E. B. (2002). Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(2), 158–162. doi:10.1017/S0007125000161896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckman, J. E., Forbes, H. J., Clayton, T., Jones, M., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., … Fear, N. T. (2013). Early service leavers: A study of the factors associated with premature separation from the UK Armed Forces and the mental health of those that leave early. European Journal of Public Health, 23(3), 410–415. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citizens’ Advice Scotland (2012). Civvy street: The new frontline. Retrieved from http://www.cas.org.uk/system/files/publications/ASAP_Report%28low%20res%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cowlishaw, S., Gale, L., Gregory, A., McCambridge, J., Kessler, D. (2017). Gambling problems among patients in primary care: a cross-sectional study of general practices. British Journal of General Practice, 67, 274–279. doi:10.3399/bjgp17X689905
   Google Scholar
• Cowlishaw, S., & Kessler, D. (2015). Problem gambling in the UK: Implications for health, psychosocial adjustment and health care utilization. European Addiction Research, 22(2), 90–98. doi:10.1159/000437260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daghestani, A. N., Elenz, E., & Crayton, J. W. (1996). Pathological gambling in hospitalized substance abusing veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 360–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dighton, G., Roberts, E., Hoon, A. E., & Dymond, S. (2018). Gambling problems and the impact of family in UK Armed Forces veterans. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7, (2), 355–365. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edens, E. L., Kasprow, W., Tsai, J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2011). Association of substance use and VA service-connected disability benefits with risk of homelessness among veterans. The American Journal on Addictions, 20(5), 412–419. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00166.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edens, E. L., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2012). Rates and correlates of pathological gambling among VA mental health service users. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(1), 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9239-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fear, N. T., Iversen, A., Meltzer, H., Workman, L., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., … Jones, M. (2007). Patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces. Addiction, 102(11), 1749–1759. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01978.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, L., Wessely, S., Hotopf, M., Jones, M., Greenberg, N., Rona, R. J., … Fear, N. T. (2015). Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population? Psychological Medicine, 45(9), 1881–1891. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambling Commission. (2017). Gambling participation in 2016: Behaviour, awareness and attitudes. Retrieved from http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/PDF/survey-data/Gambling-participation-in-2016-behaviour-awareness-and-attitudes.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gainsbury, S. M., Russell, A., Blaszczynski, A., & Hing, N. (2015). Greater involvement and diversity of Internet gambling as a risk factor for problem gambling. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(4), 723–728. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hierholzer, R., Vu, H., & Mallios, R. (2010). Pathological gambling in Combat veterans. Federal Practitioner, 27, 14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, A., Nikolaou, V., Greenberg, N., Unwin, C., Hull, L., Hotopf, M., … Wessely, S. (2005). What happens to British veterans when they leave the Armed Forces? European Journal of Public Health, 15(2), 175–184. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, N., Fear, N. T., Greenberg, N., Hull, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Occupational outcomes in soldiers hospitalized with mental health problems. Occupational Medicine, 59, (7), 459–465. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqp115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38(9), 1351–1360. doi:10.1017/S0033291708002900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killgore, W. D., Cotting, D. I., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., McGurk, D., Vo, A. H., … Hoge, C. W. (2008). Post-combat invincibility: Violent combat experiences are associated with increased risk-taking propensity following deployment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(13), 1112–1121. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, S. W., Shirk, S. D., Ngo, T., Pugh, K., Bernice, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). Screening for gambling disorder in VA primary care behavioral health: A pilot study. Bedford, MA: Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 1 England Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330882699_Screening_for_Gambling_Disorder_in_VA_Primary_Care_Behavioral_Health_A_Pilot_Study
   Google Scholar
• Levy, L., & Tracy, J. K. (2018). Gambling disorder in veterans: A review of the literature and implications for future research. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(4), 1205–1239. doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9749-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, G., Pelosi, A. J., Araya, R., & Dunn, G. (1992). Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: A standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychological Medicine, 22(2), 465–486. doi:10.1017/S0033291700030415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorains, F. K., Cowlishaw, S., & Thomas, S. A. (2011). Prevalence of comorbid disorders in problem and pathological gambling: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of population surveys. Addiction, 106(3), 490–498. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03300.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., & Brugha, T. (2016). Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. Leeds: NHS Digital.
   Google Scholar
• McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P. E., & Jenkins, R. (2009). Adult psychiatric morbidity in England, 2007: Results of a household survey. Leeds: The NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, H. E., Thomas, S. L., & Robinson, P. (2018). From problem people to addictive products: A qualitative study on rethinking gambling policy from the perspective of lived experience. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 16. doi:10.1186/s12954-018-0220-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy, D., Ashwick, R., Palmer, E., & Busuttil, W. (2017). Describing the profile of a population of UK veterans seeking support for mental health difficulties. Journal of Mental Health, 1–8. doi: 0.1080/09638237.2017.1385739. doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1385739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orford, J., Wardle, H., Griffiths, M., Sproston, K., & Erens, B. (2010). The role of social factors in gambling: Evidence from the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey. Community, Work & Family, 13, 257–271. doi:10.1080/13668803.2010.488101
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, E., Dighton, G., Fossey, M., Hogan, L., Kitchiner, N., Rogers, R., & Dymond, S. (2017). Gambling problems in UK Armed Forces veterans: Preliminary findings. Retrieved from http://www.fim-trust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Gambling-Report-FINAL.compressed.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sharman, S., Dreyer, J., Aitken, M., Clark, L., & Bowden-Jones, H. (2015). Rates of problematic gambling in a British homeless sample: A preliminary study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(2), 525–532. doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9444-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenbergh, T. A., Whelan, J. P., Meyers, A. W., Klesges, R. C., & DeBon, M. (2008). Gambling and health risk-taking behavior in a military sample. Military Medicine, 173(5), 452–459. doi:10.7205/MILMED.173.5.452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanovics, E. A., Potenza, M. N., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). Gambling in a National US veteran population: Prevalence, socio-demographics, and psychiatric comorbidities. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(4), 1099–1122. doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9678-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockwell, T., Murphy, D., & Hodgson, R. (1983). The severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire: Its use, reliability and validity. British Journal of Addiction, 78, 145–155. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1983.tb05502.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thandi, G., Sundin, J., Dandeker, C., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2015). Risk-taking behaviours among UK military reservists. Occupational Medicine, 65(5), 413–416. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqv057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal British Legion. (2014). A UK household survey of the ex-service community. Retrieved from http://media.britishlegion.org.uk/Media/2275/2014householdsurveyreport.pdf?_ga=1.230357524.949126321.1489509882
   Google Scholar
• UK Data Service (2018). Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2007. Retrieved from https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=6379
   Google Scholar
• Wardle, H. (2019). Perceptions, people and place: Findings from a rapid review of qualitative research on youth gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 99–106. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle, H., Barnard, M., Kerr, J., Kinsella, R., Moody, A., Reith, G., & Orford, J. (2012). Debt and problem gambling: Evidence from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. NatCen Briefing Paper. Retrieved from http://www.natcen.ac.uk/study/gambling-andfinancial-management
   Google Scholar
• Wardle, H., Griffiths, M. D., Orford, J., Moody, A., & Volberg, R. (2012). Gambling in Britain: A time of change? Health implications from the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 273–277. doi:10.1007/s11469-011-9319-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westermeyer, J., Canive, J., Garrard, J., Thuras, P., & Thompson, J. (2005). Lifetime prevalence of pathological gambling among American Indian and Hispanic American veterans. American Journal of Public Health, 95(5), 860–866. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.023770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting, S. W., Potenza, M. N., Park, C. L., McKee, S. A., Mazure, C. M., & Hoff, R. A. (2016). Investigating veterans’ pre-, peri-, and post-deployment experiences as potential risk factors for problem gambling. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 213–220. doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhead, C., Rona, R. J., Iversen, A., MacManus, D., Hotopf, M., Dean, K., … Wessely, S. (2011). Mental health and health service use among post-national service veterans: Results from the 2007. Psychological Medicine, 41, 363–372. doi:10.1017/S0033291710000759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar