Exposure to Mental Health Training and Variations in Work Strain, Coping, and Positive Mental Health in the Canadian Military

References

• Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. B., McGurk, D., Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2011). Battlemind debriefing and battlemind training as early interventions with soldiers returning from Iraq: Randomization by platoon. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(S), 66–83. doi: 10.1037/2157-3905.1.S.66
   Google Scholar
• Adler, A. B., & Castro, C. A. (2013). An occupational mental health model for the military. Military Behavioral Health, 1(1), 41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The Coping Strategy Indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 1066. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born, J., Lee, J. E. C., Dubiniecki, C., & Pierre, A. (2015). Summary report on the 2011–2012 evaluation of the Stress: Take charge! course (SGR-2015-001). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Surgeon General Health Research Program, Department of National Defence.
   Google Scholar
• Boulos, D., & Zamorski, M. A. (2013). Deployment-related mental disorders among Canadian Forces personnel deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan, 2001–2008. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185, E545–E552. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.122120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. K., & Greenberg, N. (2018). Non-deployment factors affecting psychological wellbeing in military personnel: Literature review. Journal of Mental Health, 27(1), 80–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2009). Improving the health of Canadians: Exploring positive mental health. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: CIHI.
   Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679–704. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, C. A., & Adler, A. B. (2011). Military mental health training: Building. In S. Southwick, B. T. Litz, D. Charney, & M. J. Friedman (Eds.), Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan (pp. 323–383). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Castro, C. A., Adler, A. B., McGurk, D., & Bliese, P. D. (2012). Mental health training with soldiers four months after returning from Iraq: Randomization by platoon. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, A., Hodson, S., & Crane, M. (2010). Resilience training in the AustralianDefence Force. InPsych: The Bulletin of the Australian Psychological Society Ltd, 32(2), 16.
   Google Scholar
• Coyne, J. C., & Racioppo, M. W. (2000). Never the Twain shall meet? Closing the gap between coping research and clinical intervention research. American Psychologist, 55(6), 655–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild, A. J., & McDaniel, H. L. (2017). Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: Mediation analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 105(6), 1259–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber, B. G., & Zamorski, M. A. (2012). Evaluation of a third-location decompression program for Canadian Forces members returning from Afghanistan. Military Medicine, 177(4), 397–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmour, H., & Patten, S. B. (2007). Depression and work impairment. Health Reports, 18(1), 9–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauret, K. G., Bedno, S., Loringer, K., Kao, T. C., Mallon, T., & Jones, B. H. (2015). Epidemiology of exercise- and sports-related injuries in a population of young, physically active adults: A survey of military servicemembers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(11), 2645–2653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6(1), 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. E., Perkins, K., Cook, J. H., & Ong, A. L. (2008). Intensive coping skills training to reduce anxiety and depression for forward-deployed troops. Military Medicine, 173(3), 241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. (1998). The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 322–355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. doi: 10.2307/3090197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 539–548. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M., Dhingra, S. S., & Simoes, E. J. (2010). Change in level of positive mental health as a predictor of future risk of mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2366–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M., & Simoes, E. J. (2012). To flourish or not: Positive mental health and all-cause mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 102(11), 2164–2172. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M., Wissing, M., Potgieter, J., Temane, M., Kruger, A., & van Rooy, S. (2008). Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in Setswana-speaking South Africans. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 15(3), 181–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamers, S. M. A., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., ten Klooster, P. M., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2011). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form (MHC-SF). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 99–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. E. C., Silins, S., & Frank, C. (2018). Factor structure of coping items in the 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey. Health Reports, 30(5), 26–32. doi: 10.25318/82-003-x201900500003-eng
   Google Scholar
• Livneh, H., & Martz, E. (2007). An introduction to coping theory and research. In Coping with chronic illness and disability (pp. 3–27). Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Defence and Canadian Armed Forces. (2015a). Road to Mental Readiness (R2MR). Retrieved from http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/caf-community-health-services-r2mr/index.page
   Google Scholar
• National Defence and Canadian Armed Forces. (2015b). Stress management and exposure training. Retrieved from http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/caf-community-health-services-r2mr-career/stress-management-stress-exposure-trng.page
   Google Scholar
• National Defence and Canadian Armed Forces. (2017). Stress: Take charge! Retrieved from http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/caf-community-health-services-wellness-social/stress-take-charge.page
   Google Scholar
• Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(6), 551–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. (2006). The human face of mental health and mental illness in Canada 2006. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(3), 533–562. doi: 10.1111/joop.12120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodin, R., Bonanno, G. A., Knuckey, S., Satterthwaite, M. L., Hart, R., Joscelyne, A., … Brown, A. D. (2017). Coping flexibility predicts post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in human rights advocates. International Journal of Mental Health, 46(4), 327–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusu, C., Zamorski, M. A., Boulos, D., & Garber, B. G. (2016). Prevalence comparison of past-year mental disorders and suicidal behaviours in the Canadian Armed Forces and the Canadian general population. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(1_suppl), 46S–55S. doi: 10.1177/0706743716628856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpley, J. G., Fear, N. T., Greenberg, N., Jones, M., & Wessely, S. (2008). Pre-deployment stress briefing: Does it have an effect? Occupational Medicine, 58(1), 30–34. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqm118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2004). CCHS Cycle 1.2: Data dictionary. Retrieved from http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvDocument&Item_Id=43668&InstaId=5285
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2014). Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey (CFMHS) Derived variable (DV) specifications. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., & Stanton, A. L. (2007). Coping resources, coping processes, and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 377–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Technical Cooperation Program Human Resources and Performance Action Group 21. (2017). Summary report of TTCP HUM AG21 Resilience(TR-HUM-01-2018). TTCP.
   Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A. (2010). Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1_suppl), S41–S53. doi: 10.1177/0022146510383499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lente, E., Barry, M. M., Molcho, M., Morgan, K., Watson, D., Harrington, J., & McGee, H. (2012). Measuring population mental health and social well-being. International Journal of Public Health, 57(2), 421–430. doi: 10.1007/s00038-011-0317-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanDenKerkhof, E. G., VanTil, L., Thompson, J. M., Sweet, J., Hopman, W. M., Carley, M. E., & Sudom, K. (2015). Pain in Canadian veterans: Analysis of data from the survey on transition to civilian life. Pain Research and Management, 20(2), 89–95. doi: 10.1155/2015/763768
   Google Scholar
• Vanhove, A. J., Herian, M. N., Perez, A. L., Harms, P. D., & Lester, P. B. (2016). Can resilience be developed at work? A meta‐analytic review of resilience‐building programme effectiveness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(2), 278–307. doi: 10.1111/joop.12123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamorski, M. A., Bennett, R. E., Boulos, D., Garber, B. G., Jetly, R., & Sareen, J. (2016). The 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey: Background and methods. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(1_suppl), 10S–25S. doi: 10.1177/0706743716632731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamorski, M. A., & Boulos, D. (2014). The impact of the military mission in Afghanistan on mental health in the Canadian Armed Forces: A summary of research findings. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 23822. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.23822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamorski, M. A., Guest, K., Bailey, S., & Garber, B. G. (2012). Beyond Battlemind: Evaluation of a new mental health training program for Canadian Forces personnel participating inThird-Location Decompression. Military Medicine, 177(11), 1245–1253. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamorski, M. A., Rusu, C., Guest, K., & Fikretoglu, D. (2018). Exposure to mental health training and education in Canadian Armed Forces personnel. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 4(2), 91–100. doi: 10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0046
   Google Scholar