References
- Ahern, J., Worthen, M., Masters, J., Lippman, S. A., Ozer, E. J., & Moos, R. (2015). The challenges of Afghanistan and Iraq veterans’ transition from military to civilian life and approaches to reconnection. PloS One, 10(7), e0128599. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128599
- Bergman, B. P., Mackay, D. F., Smith, D. J., & Pell, J. P. (2016). Long-term mental health outcomes of military service: National linkage study of 57,000 veterans and 173,000 matched nonveterans. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(06), 793–798. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m09837
- Black, T., & Papile, C. (2010). Making it on civvy street: An online survey of Canadian veterans in transition. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 44(4), 383–401.
- Caron, J. (2013). Une validation de la forme abrégée de l’Échelle de provisions sociales: l’ÉPS-10 items. Santé Mentale au Québec, 38(1), 297–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7202/1019198ar
- Castro, C. A., Kintzle, S., & Hassan, A. (2014). The state of the American veteran. USC School of Social Work.
- Cunningham, C. A., Weber, B. A., Roberts, B. L., Hejmanowski, T. S., Griffin, W. D., & Lutz, B. J. (2014). The role of resilience and social support in predicting postdeployment adjustment in otherwise healthy navy personnel. Military Medicine, 179(9), 979–985. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00568
- Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
- Dingemans, E., & Henkens, K. (2014). Involuntary retirement, bridge employment, and satisfaction with life: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(4), 575–591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1914
- Elbogen, E. B., Johnson, S. C., Wagner, H. R., Newton, V. M., & Beckham, J. C. (2012). Financial well-being and postdeployment adjustment among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Military Medicine, 177(6), 669–675.
- Fortier, J., Turner, S., Taillieu, T., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2019). Positive functioning and emotional well-being among military personnel and the general population with and without a history of child abuse in Canada. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 5(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0039
- Gurung, R. A., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2003). Accounting for changes in social support among married older adults: Insights from the MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 18(3), 487–496.
- Hachey, K. K., Sudom, K., Sweet, J., MacLean, M. B., & Van Til, L. (2016). Transitioning from military to civilian life: The role of mastery and social support. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 2(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.3379
- Hatch, S. L., Harvey, S. B., Dandeker, C., Burdett, H., Greenberg, N., Fear, N. T., & Wessely, S. (2013). Life in and after the Armed Forces: Social networks and mental health in the UK military. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(7), 1045–1064.
- Heaven, B., Brown, L. J., White, M., Errington, L., Mathers, J. C., & Moffatt, S. (2013). Supporting well‐being in retirement through meaningful social roles: Systematic review of intervention studies. The Milbank Quarterly, 91(2), 222–287.
- Hinojosa, R., & Sberna Hinojosa, M. (2011). Using military friendships to optimize postdeployment reintegration for male Operation Iraqui Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 48(10), 1145–1158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2010.08.0151
- Hourani, L., Bender, R. H., Weimer, B., Peeler, R., Bradshaw, M., Lane, M., & Larson, G. (2012). Longitudinal study of resilience and mental health in marines leaving military service. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139(2), 154–165.
- Iversen, A., Nikolaou, V., Greenberg, N., Unwin, C., Hull, L., Hotopf, M., Dandeker, C., Ross, J., & Wessely, S. (2005). What happens to British veterans when they leave the armed forces? European Journal of Public Health, 15(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki128
- Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121–140. (https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065
- Kintzle, S., Barr, N., Corletto, G., & Castro, C. A. (2018). PTSD in U.S. veterans: The role of social connectedness, combat experience and discharge. Healthcare, 6(3), 102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6030102
- Knardahl, S., Johannessen, H. A., Sterud, T., Härmä, M., Rugulies, R., Seitsamo, J., & Borg, V. (2017). The contribution from psychological, social, and organizational work factors to risk of disability retirement: A systematic review with meta-analyses. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 176.
- Larson, J. S. (1993). The measurement of social well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079022
- Lee, J. E. C., Dursun, S., Thompson, J. M., & Skomorovsky, A. (2020). Correlates of perceived military to civilian transition challenges among Canadian Armed Forces Veterans. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 6(2), 26–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2019-0025
- Lee, J. E. C., Skomorovsky, A., Martynova, E., & Dursun, S. (2016). Pilot study on the well-being of ill or injured CAF members and their families: Results of descriptive analyses and implications for future research (DRDC-RDDC-2016-R263). Director General Military Personnel Research and Analysis, Department of National Defence.
- MacLean, M. B., Roach, M. B., Keough, J., & MacLean, L. (2019). Veteran income and employment policies in Canada. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 5(S1), 111–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.5.s1.2018-0037
- MacLean, M. B., Van Til, L., Sweet, J., Poirier, A., & McKinnon, K. (2018). Factors associated with work satisfaction among Veterans. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 4(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0013
- MacLean, M. B., Van Til, L., Thompson, J. M., Sweet, J., Poirier, A., Sudom, K., & Pedlar, D. J. (2014). Postmilitary adjustment to civilian life: Potential risks and protective factors. Physical Therapy, 94(8), 1186–1195.
- MacLean, M. B., Keough, J., Poirier, A., McKinnon, K., & Sweet, J. (2016). Labour-market outcomes of Veterans. Veterans Affairs Canada.
- Pietrzak, R. H., & Cook, J. M. (2013). Psychological resilience in older US veterans: Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 432–443. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22083
- Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Morgan, C. A., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: The role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120(1-3), 188–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.015
- Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009). Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), 745–751. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20558
- Ren, X. S., Skinner, K., Lee, A., & Kazis, L. (1999). Social support, social selection and self-assessed health status: Results from the veterans health study in the United States. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 48(12), 1721–1734.
- Resnik, L., Bradford, D. W., Glynn, S. M., Jette, A. M., Johnson Hernandez, C., & Wills, S. (2012). Issues in defining and measuring veteran community reintegration: Proceedings of the Working Group on Community Reintegration, VA Rehabilitation Outcomes Conference, Miami, Florida. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 49(1), 87–100.
- Sayer, N. A., Frazier, P., Orazem, R. J., Murdoch, M., Gravely, A., Carlson, K. F., Hintz, S., & Noorbaloochi, S. (2011). Military to civilian questionnaire: A measure of postdeployment community reintegration difficulty among veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs medical care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(6), 660–670. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20706
- Schinka, J. A., Schinka, K. C., Casey, R. J., Kasprow, W., & Bossarte, R. M. (2012). Suicidal behavior in a national sample of older homeless veterans. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S1), S147–S153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300436
- Sippel, L. M., Pietrzak, R. H., Charney, D. S., Mayes, L. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2015). How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual?. Ecology and Society, 20(4), 10. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-07832-200410
- StataCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. StataCorp.
- Statistics Canada. (2017, June 23). Life after Service Survey, 2016. The Daily. www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/170623/dq170623b-eng.pdf
- Statistics Canada. (2020, January 16). Life after Service Survey, 2019. The Daily. www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200116/dq200116a-eng.pdf
- Steffens, N. K., Jetten, J., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., & Haslam, S. A. (2016). Multiple social identities enhance health post-retirement because they are a basis for giving social support. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1519.
- Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 189–214): Oxford University Press.
- Therrien, M. E., Richer, I., Lee, J. E. C., Watkins, K., & Zamorski, M. A. (2016). Family/household characteristics and positive mental health of Canadian military members: Mediation through social support. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 2(2), 8–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.4017
- Thompson, J. M., Dursun, S., VanTil, L., Heber, A., Kitchen, P., de Boer, C., Black, T., Montelpare, B., Coady, T., Sweet, J., & Pedlar, D. (2019). Group identity, diffi cult adjustment to civilian life, and suicidal ideation in Canadian Armed Forces Veterans: Life After Service Studies 2016. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 5(2), 100–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0038
- Thompson, J., Hopman, W., Sweet, J., VanTil, L., MacLean, M. B., VanDenKerkhof, E., Sudom, K., Poirier, A., & Pedlar, D. (2013). Health-related quality of life of Canadian Forces veterans after transition to civilian life. Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 104(1), e15–e21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405648
- Thompson, J. M., MacLean, M. B., Roach, M. B., Banman, M., Mabior, J., & Pedlar, D. (2016). A well-being construct for Veterans’ policy, programming and research. Research Directorate, Veterans Affairs Canada.
- Thompson, J. M., MacLean, M., Van Til, L., Sudom, K., Sweet, J., Poirier, A., & Pedlar, D. (2011). Survey on transition to civilian life: Report on regular force veterans. Research Directorate. Veterans Affairs Canada and Director General Military Personnel Research and Analysis, Department of National Defence.
- Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
- Valtorta, N. K., Moore, D. C., Barron, L., Stow, D., & Hanratty, B. (2018). Older adults’ social relationships and health care utilization: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 108(4), e1–e10.
- Van Til, L. (2014). Methodology: Life after service studies, 2013. Veterans Affairs Canada = Anciens combattants Canada.
- Van Til, L. (2016). LASS 2016 cross-sectional methods. (Brief report). Veterans Affairs Canada, Research Directorate.
- Van Til, L., Sweet, J., Poirier, A., McKinnon, K., Pedlar, D., Sudom, K., & Dursun, S. (2017). Well-being of Canadian Regular Force Veterans: Findings from LASS 2016 survey. Veterans Affairs Canada, Research Directorate.
- Vogt, D. S., Taverna, E. C., Nillni, Y. I., Booth, B., Perkins, D. F., Copeland, L. A., Finley, E. P., Tyrell, F. A., & Gilman, C. L. (2019). Development and validation of a tool to assess military veterans’ status, functioning, and satisfaction with key aspects of their lives. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 11(2), 328–349.
- Vogt, D. S., Tyrell, F. A., Bramande, E. A., Nillni, Y. I., Taverna, E. C., Finley, E. P., Perkins, D. F., & Copeland, L. A. (2020). US military veterans’ health and well-being in the first year after service. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(3), 352–360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.016
- Waddell, G., & Burton, A. K. (2006). Is work good for your health and well-being? The Stationary Office.
- Williams, L., Skomorovsky, A., Wan, C., & Lee, J. E. C. (2020). Qualitative inquiry on the health and well-being of Canadian Armed Forces Members and Veterans during medical release. Military Behavioural Health.
- Yeung, P., Allen, J., Godfrey, H. K., Alpass, F., & Stephens, C. (2019). Risk and protective factors for wellbeing in older veterans in New Zealand. Aging & Mental Health, 23(8), 992–999.